EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
PREPARED BY
APARNA M AJAY
AST PROFESSOR
ANAEMIA

Anemia is a condition in which

hemoglobin concentration is lower
than the normal reflect the
presence of fever the normal RBC
with in the circulation.
As a result the amount of oxygen
deliver to the body tissue is also
diminished. Anaemia is not a
specific disease but a sign of
underlying disorder.
INCIDENCE
It is world wide problem highest
in developing countries
In India iron deficiency anaemia
is common
60-70% people are affected
Highest among women and
young children
Folate deficiency mainly affecting
pregnant women 25 to 50%
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTOR
Agent
Nutritional agent like vitamins
and minerals
Host factor
(Children under 12 years), lactin
women (pregnant mother),poor
nutritional factors.
EFFECTS OF ANAEMIA
22 TO 40 % OF DEATH OCCURS
IN MOTHER IN CHILDREN DUE TO
ANAEMIA
ANAEMIA LEADS TO INFECTION
LIKE MALARIA,HOOK WORM
INFESTATION
WORKING CAPACITY WILL BE
REDUCED DUE TO ANAEMI.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
IRON AND FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT
IRON FORTIFICATION
DOSSAGE
MOTHER- 300 MG OF FERROUS SULPHATE AND 0.5
MG OF FOLIC ACID / DAY FOR 2-3 MONTHS.
CHILDREN- 60 MG 0F FERROUS SULPHATE AND 0.1
MG 0F FOLIC ACID /DAY
ASSESS THE DEGREE OF ANEMIA
SEVE THAT IS Hb LESS THAN 10g/dl MEANS
HIGHER DOSES OF IRON OR BLOOD TRANSFUSION
MAY BE NECESSARY
NUTRITION EDUCATION REGARDING DIETARY
HABITS,CONTROL OF PARASITES.
HYPERTENSION
It is a chronic condition of
concern due to its role in
causation of coronary heart
disease, troke and other vascular
complications. One of the major
risk factors for cardiovascular
mortality which accounts for 20
-50 % of all deaths.
CLASSIFICATION
Primary: it is essential 90%
unknown factor
Secondary: it is due to other
disease of kidney,tumours of the
adrenal gland, congenital
narrowing of the aorta and
toxemias of pregnancy.
INCIDENCE
The concept of incidence has
limited value in hypertension
because of the variability of
consecutive reading in individuals
Industrialized countries have
increased blood pressure
People living in high altitudes
have low blood pressure.
RISK FACTORS
1. Non modifiable factor
2. Modifiable factor
Non modifiable
a) Age
b) Sex
c) Genetic factors: 45% the children
having in hypertension parents
d) Ethnicity: black communities than
other ethnic groups.
Modifiable:
A) salt intake : 7-8 g/day intake
B) obesity: it is increased the blood pressure.
C) saturated fat
D) dietary fiber
E) alcohol
F) physical activity
G) socio- economic status
Other factors,
Noise
Vibration
Temperature
Humidity
PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION
1) primary prevention
A) POPULATION STRATEGY
B) HIGH-RISK STRATEGY
1) primary prevention
It has been defined as ‘‘all
measures to reduce the incidence
of disease in a population by
reducing the risk of onset’’
A) POPULATION STRATEGY
The concept of population
approach is based on the fact that
even a small reduction in the
average blood pressure of the
population would production a
large reduction in the incidence of
cardio vascular such as stroke and
CHD (coronary heart disease)
I) NUTRITION
Reduction of salt intake
Avoidance of high alcohol intake
Ii) WEIGHT REDUCTION
The prevention and correction of
obesity
Iii) EXERCISE PROMOTION
Iv) BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES:
Reduction of smoking, alcohol
Modification of personal life style
V) HEALTH EDUCATION:
Must be mobilized and made
aware of the possibility of primary
prevention.
Vi) self care:
Important element in community
based health programmes is
patient participation
B) high risk strategy
T0 prevent the attainment of levels of blood
pressure at which the institution of
treatment would be considered
2) secondary prevention
The excess risk of morbidity and mortality
from coronary,cerebro vascular, and kidney
disease
Early case detection
ii) Treatment
iii) Patient compliance