Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel

Cell Vehicles
Oct. 24, 2003

Gary Flomenhoft,
BSME, MAPP, CEE
Research Associate
Gund Institute, SNR
Owner:
InnEVations.com
 Electric Vehicles 1st Wave 1890-1920
The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of
electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all
other types of cars.

Source:
US DOE

“Better batteries 10 years away”

“Liars, damn liars, and battery
manufacturers.” -Thomas Edison (Ni-Fe)
 Hubbert Oil Cycle

M. King
Hubbert
 Two Views

•Julian Simon view: technological

developments and human ingenuity
will yield more resources
–“Drowning in oil” The Economist, March
6th-12th 1999, pp. 23-25

•Colin Campbell, et al. use Hubbert

curves to predict the end of oil
S. Gürcan Gülen, –“The End of Cheap Oil” Scientific
Ph.D.
American, March 1998, pp. 78-83
(Campbell and Laherrere)
Ehrlich/Simon bet
Source-World Oil Extraction
World Oil Extraction
Hubbert-Epoch of Fossil Fuel
World Oil Extraction
World Oil Extraction
World Oil Extraction
 Atmospheric CO2 since 1000AD

CO2 PPM
SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?
SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?

2 BILLION YEARS

You are here

SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?
SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Arctic Ice thinned by 40%: US subs
Europe in August 2003

COUNTRY DEATHS DETAILS

Temperatures soared to 104 degrees Fahrenheit in
France 14,802 parts of the country; temperatures in Paris were
the highest since record-keeping began in 1873.
High temperatures of up to 105.4 degrees
Germany 7000 Fahrenheit, the hottest since records began in
1901, raised mortality some 10 percent above
average.
High temperatures coupled with elevated ground-
Spain 4230 level ozone concentrations exceeding the European
Union's health-risk threshold.
Temperatures in parts of the country averaged 16
Italy 4175 degrees Fahrenheit higher than previous year.

The first triple digit (Fahrenheit) temperatures

UK 2045 were recorded in London.

Temperatures ranged some 14 degrees warmer

Neth 1400 than normal.

Temperatures were above 104 degrees Fahrenheit

Portugal 1316 throughout much of the country.

Temperatures exceeded any in the Royal

Belgium 150 Meteorological Society's records dating back to
1833.

TOTAL 35,118
CLIMATE DAMAGE
CLIMATE DAMAGE
CLIMATE DAMAGE
 1980’s 2nd Wave of EVs

Jet Industries:

Citi-Car
(Beaumont)

Electricar Lectra

“Better batteries 10 years away”

Percentage Sector Contribution to Air Pollution Emissions (1995)

Source: WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends
Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R-96-005.

AIR POLLUTION FATALITIES NOW EXCEED TRAFFIC FATALITIES BY 3: 1

http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update17.htm
 US CO2 by Sector (1999)

U.S. Territories
Commercial 1%
Source: 16%

(US EPA) Industrial

33%

Residential
19%

Transportation
31%
Source: EPA
 Gas Hog Tax Credit

Hummer H1
Sticker price $106,185
Current law
Equipment deduction $25,000
Total tax deduction* $60,722
Bush economic plan
Equipment deduction $75,000
Total tax deduction* $88,722

* Includes bonus tax write-off enacted by Congress in March 2002 and a

deduction for normal depreciation.

Sources: Detroit News research, IRS, Taxpayers for Common Sense

Tom Tomorrow
 If World consumption = US: Need 4 more planets

Source:
Center for
A New
American
Dream
 Cars per Thousand People

Source:
JustAuto.com

Thomas Gross, “Today there are 670 million vehicles in the

US DOE world. By 2050 that number is expected to
increase to 4.5 billion or maybe more.”
Why did automakers build EVs in 90’s?
NOT Env. Or MARKET DRIVEN! Gas
is cheap. ($400 billion annual subsidy)

1990-CARB Mandate
• More than 95% of Californians live in areas that do not
meet health-based federal or state air quality standards.

• Approximately 50% of smog-forming pollutants come

from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.

• Although many automobiles sold in California today are

98% cleaner than those sold 30 years ago, population
growth and increased driving may soon outpace our
ability to improve air quality if we rely solely on continued
improvements to gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.

• ZEVS required for further reductions

1990 CA Air Resources Board Mandates

Model Years ZEVs reqd. in

CA
1998 2%*
2001 5%*
2003-2008 10%
2009-2011 11%
2012-2014 12%
2015-2017 14%
2018+ 16%
* Requirement modified in 1996
 ZEV EMISSIONS

Do ZEVs simply shift air emissions from

Source: one place to another?
CA Air
Resources Even when taking into account
Board power plant emissions, ZEVs are
95% cleaner than even the lowest
emitting conventional vehicle.
 EVs 3rd Wave 1990+:
First Phase = (Small Conversion companies)

Solar Electric
Engineering
(US
Electricar)

“Better batteries 10 years away”

MendoMotive
InnEVations
Thunderstruck-EV.com
 1990’s 2nd Phase: Small Corporations, US

Solectria:

Corbin:

Tropica (Beaumont)
“Better batteries 10 years away”
Europe: City-El 5000 Sold Party
 Phase 3: Nearing 1998 Detroit and Japan
Detroit: We can’t do it. Hire Lawyers.(Can’t do
seatbelts, 5mph bumpers, side impact protection, unleaded gas,
better gas mileage, airbags, etc.)

GM EV-1
Gen 1:
Lead Acid
70 - 90 miles

Model Years ZEVs reqd. in CA

1998 2%*
2001 5%*
Gen 2: Nickel
2003-2008 10%
Metal Hydride
2009-2011 11% 125-150 miles
2012-2014 12%
2015-2017 14%
2018+ 16%
* Requirement modified in 1996
Cost of regulations-OMB report

Annual Cost: $37-43 billion

EPA conservative approach, Consistently
overestimates costs, not considering least
cost approach and technical innovation
Annual Benefits: $121-193
EPA consistently underestimates benefits
USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL
CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS
5:1
Japan: We can do it. Hire engineers.
Honda EVPlus
Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles
EV Plus Specs
Length: 159.3 in.
Width: 68.9 in.
Height: 64.2 in.
Wheel Base 99.6 in.
Track Front/Rear: 59.1/58.7
Curb Weight: 3593.5
Drive Train: Front Wheel Drive
Occupants: Four
Voltage: 288
Motor: Brushless PM
Power: 49 Kw (66hp)
Battery 24 12v NiMH
Charger: On-board Conductive
Recharge: 6-8 hrs
Acceleration: 4.9 sec (0-30 mph)
Maximum Speed: 80+ mph
Range: 100 miles (80% discharge)
Lease Cost: $455/mo for 36 mo.
 Japan: We can do it. Hire engineers.

Honda EVPlus
Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

Nissan Altra
Lithium-ion 80-100 miles

Toyota RAV4-EV
Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

Better Batteries are finally here, but you can’t afford them.
Neighborhood Electric Vehicles

FORD Th!nk Nissan Hypermini

Chrysler GEM

Toyota E-com OTHER EVS

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Energy Storage Systems

Specific Energy
Fuel Wh/kg
Gasoline 12,300
Natural gas 9,300
Hydrogen 33,000
Lead-acid battery 30
Advanced Lead Acid 48

Gasoline:C8H18
 ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems

Energy Density Power Density Life
Wh/kg W/kg Cycles
Source:
Lead-acid battery 30 150 300
USABC Advanced Lead Acid 48 150 800
GM Ovonic nickel metal 70 220 >600
and others hydride
SAFT nickel metal hydride 70 150 1,500
SAFT lithium ion 120 230 600
Lithium polymer 150 350 <600
Evercel Nickel-zinc 60 255 500
Zinc-Air 160-220 low ?
Composite Flywheels 120
Supercapacitors
 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
 COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
 SUPERCAPACITORS

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
 ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
 MECHANICAL RECHARGE

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:
METALLIC
POWER.COM
 ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
 CARB DEFINITIONS
Passenger car emissions reduction HC CO NOx
TLEV- Transitional Low-Emission 50% NR NR
C Vehicle
LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle 70% NR 50%
L ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission 85% 50% 50%
E Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new
2003 model year vehicle. )

A SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission 96% 70% 95%

Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)
N PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission- 96% 70% 95%
E Vehicle SULEV & 15 year/150K mile
warranty and 0 evaporative
emissions.

R AT PZEV-Advanced 96% 70% 95%

Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid- PZEV & and include advanced
electric, methanol, fuel cell) technology components.

ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98% 100% 100% 100%

What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
Available Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2000-2004 TOYOTA PRI

US
$22,000-$26,000
60 hwy 48 city

1999-2004 HONDA
INSIGHT
$19,180-21,380
Std:68 auto:62/58

2003-2004 HO
NDA CIVIC
$20,260-$21,110 std:46/51 auto:48/47
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2005 FORD ESCAPE HYB

RID
Loaded ICE $26,700
Hybrid ~35-40 mpg city

Semi-hybrid
2004 GM “FlexPower
” Chevy Silverado Pickup
10-15% mpg
improvement
Future Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Nissan Tino
Nissan's Hybrid Vehicle(HV) is called the
Tino. It is powered by a combination of a
1.8-liter four-cylinder engine and an electric
motor with lithium-ion batteries. The
vehicle is a five passenger car that achieves
twice the fuel economy and 50% less
emissions. Nissan's Tino hybrid electric car
will be sold only in Japan, initially.

Spring 2004 LEXUS HYBRID

Fall 2004 Toyota Hylander
 Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)
Since 1993-$1.1 billion

GM Precept
Hybrid

Chrysler ESX 2 Hybrid

Dodge ESX-3 hybrid
1.5-liter direct-injection three-cylinder diesel
engine
15-kW or 20-hp, permanent magnet electric
motor/generator

2006 Ford Futura 21-kW lithium-ion battery pack.

Future Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Manufacturer Model Year

Ford Explorer 2005+
GM Chevy 2005
Suburban
Saturn VUE 2005
Chevy Equinox 2006
GMC Yukon 2007
Chevy Tahoe 2007
Daimler- Dodge Ram 2005
Chrysler Pickup
Mercedes S- 2006
class
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD

The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient,

quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has
announced plans to have a three year
demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in
Vancouver, Canada in 2004.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda

Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuel-

cell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los
Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately
30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan
during the next several years. The fuel-cell
itself is propelled by electricity generated by a
hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its
only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA

(NOT
AVAILABLE)

Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its

secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that
harnesses the electricity of separated
atoms and molecules as they strive to be
electrically balanced. Developed entirely
in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the
leading edge of fuel-cell technology.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN

X-TRAIL FCV
Nissan is actively developing fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) that have low
environmental impact and save energy.
Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.
(?????)
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM

PROTOTYPE

The Hy-wire has no internal

combustion engine, instrument
panel, brake or accelerator
pedals – but it does have
ample power supplied by a
GM fuel cell that runs on
hydrogen.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI
 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION

SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
 PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.

PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane

(“Nafion”tm)
SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN

Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW

ENERGY SOURCE?
Where does hydrogen come from?
Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol
Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze water
Methane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)
A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS
ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.

Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL

CELL OR BATTERIES?
A) BATTERIES
H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%
BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Oil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45%
transmission~=80%
battery charging ~=80%
electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Oil-> power plant-> electricity~=45%
electricity transmission ~=80%
H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70%
H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50%
Electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%
 SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?

SOURCE:
Schatz
Energy Lab
Humboldt
State U.

last
 Most efficient form of transportation

Source: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/7466/bikepics.htm