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INTRODUCTION TO

OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH

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Objective
 To state the definition of Occupational Health
 To explain the focus of Occupational Health
 To state the various disciplines of
Occupational Health
 To explain the concept of prevention in
Occupational Health
 To explain the application of epidemiology in
Occupational Health

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Scope
 History of Occupational Health
 Definition of Occupational Health
 Various disciplines
 Focus of Occupational Health
 Concept of Prevention

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Scope
… continued
 Occupational Health services
 Organisations related to Occupational Health
 Introduction to anatomy and physiology related
to Occupational Health illnesses
 Epidemiology and statistics

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Occupational Health History
 Early period, middle ages, and the Renaissance

 Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

 Effects of industrialisation on public health

 Effects of industrialisation on worker health

 First Factory Act– 1819 (UK)

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Occupational Health History
…continued
Influence from developments in Medicine
 Acricola and Paracelcus (15th Cent)

 Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)

 Percivall Pot (1713-88)

 Charles Turner Thackrah (1795-1833)

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Definition of Occupational Health
Promotion and maintenance of the
physical, mental and social levels of staff in
all work sectors; Prevention from illnesses
and diseases due to the workplace or
process; Protection from risks at work;
Placement of workers in environments and
job tasks suitable to their physiological and
psychological capabilities.

ILO / WHO committee on Occupational Health

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Focus of Occupational Health
 Health Promotion and maintenance of worker optimum
physical, mental and social levels.

 Prevention from illnesses or diseases arising from the


workplace or work processes.

 Increase quality of work environment and work


processes suitable to worker safety and health
conditions.

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Focus of Occupational Health
…continued
Concept of Promotion and Prevention

Prevention Promotion
Occupational Health Diseases
Workplace Accidents

Workplace Factors Lifestyle


-Hazard -Smoking
-Work environment -Alcohol and drug abuse
-Equipments, machinery etc -Hobbies

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Occupational Health Disciplines
 Occupational Medicine
 Industrial Hygiene
 Occupational Toxicology
 Ergonomics
 Epidemiology
 Industrial Psychology

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Types of Prevention & its Activities
Primer Secondary Tertiary
Prevention Prevention Prevention
Health promotion Early detection of Limited disability
Specific protection hazards, disease Rehabilitation
and provision of
early treatment
 Regulations  Health Monitoring  Disability
 Control measures  First Aid assessment
 Immunisation  Emergency  Physiotherapy
 Universal precautions Response Plan  Compensatioin
 Back to Work
programme

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Occupational Health Services
Objective
1. Identify and control hazards, provision of early
treatment

2. Educate both Management and workers on the joint


responsibility of ensuring and safeguarding safety
and health at work

3. Promotion of healthy lifestyle programmes

World Health Organisation


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Occupational Health Services
…continued

 Health promotion and education


 Exposure Monitoring
 Health Risk assessment
 Hazard Control
 Occupational Fitness assessment
 Medical Surveillance

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Occupational Health Services
…continued

 Suiting the work and work environment to the


worker
 General medication treatment
 First aid and Medical aid
 Disability assessment
 Data collection, analysis and recordkeeping

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Occupational Health Services
…continued
Occupational Health Team
 Safety and Health Officer (SHO)
 Chemical Health Risk Assessor (CHRA)
 Industrial Hygienist
 Hygiene Technician
 Occupational Health Doctor (OHD)
 Occupational Health Nurse (OHN)

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Occupational Health Services
…continued
Occupational Health Team
 First Aid Officer
 Ergonomist
 Toxicologist
 Safety Engineer
 Health Promotion Officer
 Industrial Psychologist

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Occupational Health Services
…continued
Competent Persons
1. Safety and Health Officer (SHO)
2. Hygiene Technician
3. Competent Person for Noise
4. Chemical Health Risk Assessor (CHRA)
5. Occupational Health Doctor (OHD)

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Organisations Related to
Occupational Health (Malaysia)
 JKKP (DOSH) – legislation, standards, enforcement, promotion
 NIOSH – training, consultation, research, information dissemination
 PERKESO (SOCSO) – compensation, promotion,
 Ministry of Health
 Others:
- Universities: UKM,UPM, UM, USM
- Occupational Health Units in the industries,
e.g.: Exxon Mobil, Petronas
- NGOs : SOEM, MIHA, MASHO

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Organisations Related to
Occupational Health (outside
Malaysia)
 UK : Health Safety Executive (HSE)
 US : NIOSH, ACGIH
 International Labour Organisation (ILO)
 International Agency For Research into Cancer (IARC)

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Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology
•Heart

•Lungs

•Skin

•Nervous system
•Kidney

•Blood system
•Liver

•Reproductive system
•Musculoskeletal system 20
Epidemiology and Statistics

EPI + DEMOS + LOGOS


(among) (humans) (research)

 Distribution and causes of disease


 How and why distribution of disease are
concentrated to certain groups or areas

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Application of Epidemiology

 Clearly understand the causes of the various


diseases
 Asses the level of harm and disease causing
agent/material (e.g. benzene causes cancer)
 Determine the Permissible Exposure Limit
(PEL)
 Plan occupational safety and health
programmes

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Application of Epidemiology
…continued
Concept of work related diseases
 Work is the cause
 Work is a contributing factor
 Work worsens the condition of an already
present disease
 Work exposes to harmful substances

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Use of Statistics at Work
 Statistics is an important concept in hazard identification

 Example of statistics:

1. Rate of Absence
2. Accident Rates
3. Loss Time Injury

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