Chapter 6

Training & Development

 Purpose of Orientation

Orientation Helps New

Employees

Know what is
Begin the
Feel welcome Understand the expected in
socialization
and at ease organization work and
process
behavior

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 The Orientation Process

Employee benefit Company organization

information and operations

Personnel Employee Safety measures

policies Orientation and regulations

Daily Facilities
routine tour

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 The Training Process

• Training
• Is the process of teaching new employees
the basic skills they need to perform their jobs
• Is a hallmark of good management
• Reduces an employer’s exposure to negligent
training liability
• Training’s Strategic Context
• The aims of firm’s training programs must
make sense in terms of the company’s
strategic goals.
• Training fosters employee learning, which
results in enhanced organizational
performance.
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 Steps in the Training Process

The Four-Step Training Process

1 Needs analysis

2 Instructional design
Program Program
3
implementation
4 Evaluation

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 Training, Learning, and Motivation

• Make the Learning Meaningful

1. At the start of training, provide a bird’s-eye view
of the material to be presented to facilitate learning.
2. Use a variety of familiar examples.
3. Organize the information so you can present it
logically, and in meaningful units.
4. Use terms and concepts that are already familiar
to trainees.
5. Use as many visual aids as possible.
6. Create a perceived training need in trainees’ minds.
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 Training, Learning, and Motivation
(cont’d)
• Make Skills Transfer Easy
1. Maximize the similarity between the training
situation and the work situation.
2. Provide adequate practice.
3. Label or identify each feature of the machine
and/or step in the process.
4. Direct the trainees’ attention to important aspects
of the job.
5. Provide “heads-up,” preparatory information that
lets trainees know what might happen back on
the job.
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 Training, Learning, and Motivation
(cont’d)
• Reinforce the Learning
1. Trainees learn best when the trainers immediately
reinforce correct responses, perhaps with a quick
“well done.”
2. The schedule is important. The learning curve
goes down late in the day, so that “full day training
is not as effective as half the day or three-fourths
of the day.”

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 Analyzing Training Needs

Training Needs
Analysis

Task Analysis: Performance Analysis:

Assessing new employees’ Assessing current employees’
training needs training needs

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8–10
FIGURE 8–2 Example of Competency Model for Human Resource Manager

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 Performance Analysis:
Assessing Current Employees’ Training
Needs
Specialized Software

Assessment Center
Results Performance Appraisals

Individual Diaries Methods Job-Related Performance

for Identifying Data
Training Needs
Attitude Surveys Observations

Tests Interviews

Can’t-do or Won’t-do?

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 Training Methods

• On-the-Job Training
Computer-Based Training (CBT)
• Apprenticeship
Simulated Learning
Training
• Informal Learning
Internet-Based Training
• Job Instruction
Learning Portals
Training
• Lectures
• Programmed Learning
• Audiovisual-Based Training
• Vestibule Training
• Teletraining and Videoconferencing
• Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS)

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 The OJT Training Method

• On-the-Job Training (OJT)

• Having a person learn a job
by actually doing the job.
• Types of On-the-Job Training
• Coaching or understudy
• Job rotation
• Special assignments
• Advantages
• Inexpensive
• Learn by doing
• Immediate feedback

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8–14
 On-the-Job Training

Steps to Help Ensure OJT Success

1 Prepare the learner

2 Present the operation

3 Do a tryout

4 Follow up

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 Delivering Effective Lectures

• Don’t start out on the wrong foot.

• Give your listeners signals.
• Be alert to your audience.
• Maintain eye contact with audience.
• Make sure everyone in the room can
hear.
• Control your hands.
• Talk from notes rather than from a script.
• Break a long talk into a series of five-
minute talks.
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• Practice and rehearse your presentation.
8–16
 Programmed Learning

Presenting Providing
Allowing the
questions, facts, feedback on
person to
or problems to the accuracy
respond
the learner of answers

• Advantages
• Reduced training time
• Self-paced learning
• Immediate feedback
• Reduced risk of error for learner

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 Intelligent Tutoring Systems

• Advantages
• Reduced learning time
• Cost effectiveness
• Instructional consistency
• Types of Programmed Learning
• Interactive multimedia training
• Virtual reality training
• Virtual classroom

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8–18
 Internet-Based Training

Teletraining and Videoconferencing

Electronic Performance Support

Distance Systems (EPSS)
Learning
Methods Computer-Based Training

E-learning and learning portals

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8–19
 Lifelong Learning and
Literacy Training Techniques

Employer Responses to
Employee Learning Needs

Provide employees with

Instituting basic skills
lifelong educational and
and literacy programs
learning opportunities

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8–20
 Creating Your Own Training Program

Creating a Training Program

1 Set training objectives

2 Use a detailed job description

3
Develop an abbreviated task
analysis record form
4 Develop a job instruction sheet
5 Compile training program for the job

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 Implementing Management Development
Programs

Long-Term Focus of
Management Development

Assessing the Appraising Developing the

company’s strategic managers’ current managers and
needs performance future managers

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8–22
 Succession Planning

Steps in the Succession Planning Process

1 Anticipate management needs

2 Review firm’s management skills inventory

3 Create replacement charts

4 Begin management development

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 Management Development Techniques

Managerial On-the-Job Training

Job Coaching and Action

rotation understudy learning

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8–24
 Other Management Training Techniques

Off-the-Job Management Training

and Development Techniques

The case study method Role playing

Management games Behavior modeling

Corporate
Outside seminars
universities
University-related programs Executive coaches

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 Behavior Modeling

Behavior Modeling Training

1 Model the effective behaviors

2 Have trainees role play using behaviors

3 Provide social reinforcement and feedback

4 Encourage transfer of training to job

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 Managing Organizational
Change Programs

What to Change

Strategy Culture Structure Technologies Employees

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 Managing Organizational Change and
Development

The Human Resource

Manager’s Role

Organizing Effectively using

Overcoming
and leading organizational
resistance to
organizational development
change
change practices

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8–28
Managing Organizational Change and
Development (cont’d)

Overcoming Resistance to Change:

Lewin’s Change Process

1 Unfreezing
2 Moving
3 Refreezing

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8–29
 How to Lead the Change

• Unfreezing Stage
1. Establish a sense of urgency (need for
change).
2. Mobilize commitment to solving problems.
• Moving Stage
3. Create a guiding coalition.
4. Develop and communicate a shared vision.
5. Help employees to make the change.
6. Consolidate gains and produce more
change.
• Refreezing Stage
7. Reinforce new ways of doing things.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 8–30
 Using Organizational Development

Organizational Development (OD)

1 Usually involves action research

2 Applies behavioral science knowledge

3
Changes the organization in a particular
direction

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 TABLE 8–3
Human Process Applications
T-groups (Sensitivity Training)
Process consultation
Third-party intervention
Team building
Organizational confrontation
meeting
Survey research
Technostructural
Interventions
Formal structural change
Differentiation and integration
Cooperative union–management
projects
Quality circles
Total quality management
Work design
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Examples of OD Interventions
HRM Applications
Goal setting
Performance appraisal
Reward systems
Career planning and development
Managing workforce diversity
Employee wellness
Strategic OD Applications
Integrated strategic management
Culture change
Strategic change
Self-designing organizations
8–32
 Evaluating the Training Effort

• Designing the Evaluation Study

• Time series design
• Controlled experimentation
• Choosing Which Training Effects to
Measure
• Reaction of trainees to the program
• Learning that actually took place
• Behavior that changed on the job
• Results achieved as a result of the
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 8–33
FIGURE 8–7 Using a Time Series Graph to Assess a Training Program’s Effects

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