UNIVERSAL LAWS IN PHYSICS

A. ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS: VERTICAL MOTION, HORIZONTAL MOTION, AND PROJECTILE MOTION

B. GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS: VERTICAL MOTION, HORIZONTAL MOTION, AND PROJECTILE MOTION
C. HOW GALILEO INFERRED THAT OBJECTS IN VACUUM FALL WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION
D. THE POSITION VS. TIME AND VELOCITY VS. TIME GRAPHS OF CONSTANT VELOCITY MOTION
E. ACCELERATION IN PHYSICS
F. THE THREE LAWS OF MOTION
G. NEWTON’S LAW OF INERTIA VS. GALILEO’S ASSERTION ON HORIZONTAL MOTION
H. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION:
IDENTICAL ACCELERATION
I. NEWTON’S LAW AND KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
J. THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
K. MASS, MOMENTUM, AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS

Aristotle is one of
most influential Greek
philosophers whose
ideas were the basis
for many concepts
that time.

How did he view and

explain the motion of
objects?
ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS

Motion is an object’s change in position with

respect to time.

How did Aristotle describe the motion of objects?

Activity No. 1
Aristotelian Motion
ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS
 ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS

Aristotelian Motion

Natural Motion Violent Motion

An object will move An object will move if
and will eventually an external force such
return to its natural as pushing or pulling is
state depending on the applied to it. No motion
composition that the will take place unless
object is made of. there is a 'mover' in
contact with an object.
 ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS

Aristotle’s View on Projectile Motion

Aristotle believed that the motion of an object is

parallel to the ground until it is the object's time to
fall back into the ground. An impetus (a force or
energy that permits an object to move) will be kept
by the object until such time that the initial force is
forgotten, and the object returns to its natural state
to stop moving and fall to the ground.
ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTIONS

A cannon is fired which give the cannonball an

impetus that will dictate its course until such time
that the impetus is forgotten, and the cannonball
GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Galileo Galilei
challenged the
Aristotelian view of
motion when he had
his actual and
thorough
experiments. He
disagreed with most
of Aristotle’s claims
and provided his own
description of motion.
 GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and believed that

the motion of objects is not simply due to the
composition of objects. He mentioned that motion can
be described by mathematics and the changes in some
physical variables such as time and distance.

Using his actual and thorough experiments, he was able

to prove that:
1. an object in uniform motion will travel a distance
that is proportional to the time it will take to travel;
2. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed
proportional to some factor of time; and
3. an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to
 GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Horizontal motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in
motion, and an external force is not necessary to
maintain the motion.

How do you describe motion?

 When can you say that an object is
moving?

Motion is Relative to a Frame of Reference

You are on a train traveling at 80 km/h and a person

walks past you towards the front of the train at the
speed of 5 km/h. What is the speed of the person
relative to the train? Relative to the ground?
 How do you describe your state of motion
at this moment?

Although you may be at rest relative to Earth’s surface,

you’re moving about 100,000 km/h relative to the Sun.
 DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT

A man walks 70 m east and 30 m west. What is the

distance traveled by the man? What is the
displacement of the man?
Displacement is the change
in position of the object with
respect to a frame of
reference
(Vector Quantity)
Distance is the total path
covered by an object
(Scalar Quantity)
 DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT

A cyclist travels around a 500-m circular track 10 times.

What is the distance travelled, and what is the cyclist’s
final displacement?
How do you describe the motion of an
object?

t = 45
s

t = 40
s
d =1000 meters

Which car is faster?

Speed is inversely proportional to time of travel.
How do you describe the motion of an
object?

d = 1000
m

d = 900 m
t =1 minute

Which car is faster?

Speed is directly proportional to the distance
traveled.
How do you describe the motion of an
object?

d = 750 m
t = 37.5 s

d = 950 m
t = 47.5 s

Which car is faster?

  𝑑 750 𝑚
𝑣= = =20𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑡 37.5 𝑠
  𝑑 950 𝑚
𝑣= = =20 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑡 47.5 𝑠
 SPEED VS VELOCITY
 Speed is the distance traveled by an object over a
period of time.
(Scalar Quantity)

 Velocity is the displacement of an object over a period

of time.
(Vector Quantity)

The same speed?

The same velocity?

SPEED VS VELOCITY

The speedometer
shows the
instantaneous
speed of the car
 GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Vertical motion
In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not
depending on their weight, but in the time of fall.
For example, without
any resistance, a
feather will be as fast
as a stone when
falling because they
fall with the same
amount of time, given
that they are released
from the same height.
Hammer and Feather on Moon
 GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Projectile motion
Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination
of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and
uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical
direction.

Cannon ball
animation
 GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS

Galileo was fascinated by the behavior of falling

objects. He knew that falling objects increase their
speed as they go down. This change in speed is
acceleration. However, he did not have any
equipment to measure this change, so he used
inclined planes to lessen the acceleration of the
moving bodies. He was then able to investigate the
moving bodies carefully.
 ACCELERATION = RATE OF CHANGE IN
VELOCITY
  ∆𝑣   𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎= 𝑎=
𝑡 𝑡
What is the acceleration of an object with constant
motion/speed?

 𝑡 =5 𝑠
 𝑣 𝑖 =10𝑚 / 𝑠 𝑣  𝑓 =10𝑚 / 𝑠

 𝑎 = 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖   10 𝑚 / 𝑠 − 10 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑎=  𝑎 =0
𝑡 5𝑠
NO Acceleration
 ACCELERATION = RATE OF CHANGE IN
VELOCITY

What is the acceleration of an object with increasing

speed?

 𝑡 =10 𝑠

 𝑣 𝑖 = 2𝑚 / 𝑠 𝑣  𝑓 =17 𝑚 / 𝑠

 𝑎 = 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖   17 𝑚 / 𝑠 − 2 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑎=  𝑎=1.5 𝑚 / 𝑠 2
𝑡 10 𝑠

Positive
Acceleration
 ACCELERATION = RATE OF CHANGE IN
VELOCITY

What is the acceleration of an object with decreasing

speed?

 𝑡 =5 𝑠
 𝑣 𝑖 =10𝑚 / 𝑠  𝑣 𝑓 = 0

 𝑎 = 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖   0 − 10 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑎=  𝑎=−2 𝑚 / 𝑠2
𝑡 5𝑠

Negative
Acceleration
Deceleration
ACCELERATION = RATE OF CHANGE IN
VELOCITY

An moving object that changes direction is

accelerating.
ACCELERATION = RATE OF CHANGE IN
VELOCITY

Objects that move in uniform

circular motion have constant
speeds but still accelerate because
they constantly change in direction as
they go around the circular path.

Satellites orbiting the Earth maintain

a nearly circular orbit and travel very
fast at an almost constant speed like
the International Space Station which
moves at approximately 27 000
km/hr. Even though these satellites
have constant speeds, they are
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
  𝑑
Constant 𝑣=
Motion
𝑡
A dolphin swims Find the distance
covering a traveled by a
distance of 20.3 m cheetah, the
in six seconds. fastest land
 How fast
𝑑 is it? animal, in forty
𝑣= seconds
 𝑑 =𝑣𝑡 if it
𝑡
moves at 12.5
  20.3 𝑚  𝑑 =(12.5 𝑚/ 𝑠 )(40 𝑠 )
𝑣= m/s.
6𝑠
𝑑 =500 𝑚
 
𝑣 =3.38 𝑚/𝑠
 
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Leo was asked to test-drive the new
Accelerated Ferrari 140 sports car. This sports car
Motion has the distinction of having the world’s
  𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 fastest acceleration which was
𝑎= measured 6.74 m/s2. Starting at rest, he
𝑡
pressed the accelerator with his right
  𝑣 𝑓 2 − 𝑣 𝑖2 foot. After 18 seconds, what is the
Given: velocity of the sports car?
𝑎=
2𝑑 a = 6.74 m/s2  𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡
vi = 0 (rest) 𝑓 𝑖
  𝑚
  1
𝑑 =𝑣 𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡
2 t =18 s 𝑣 𝑓 = (
0+ 6.74
𝑠)
2
(18 𝑠 )
2 Required:  𝑣 = 121.32𝑚 / 𝑠
vf = ? 𝑓
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
  𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
Accelerated 𝑎=
𝑡
Motion
If an automobile moving with
  0 −11.67 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑎=
a velocity of 42 km/h along a 8𝑠
straight road is braked to rest
in eight seconds, how far will 𝑎=−1.46 𝑚/ 𝑠2
 

the automobile go before it

finally comes to stop? What   𝑣 𝑓 2 − 𝑣 𝑖2
is its deceleration? 𝑑=
Given: Required: 2𝑎 2
  11.67 𝑚
vi =42 km/h d = ?
vf = 0 a=? 𝑑=
2
0 −
𝑠( )
𝑚
t =8 s
(
2 − 1.46
𝑠 )
𝑑 =46.64 𝑚
 
 QUIZ!

1. The peregrine falcon is the fastest of flying birds. A

falcon can fly 1.73 km downward in 25 s. What is the
average velocity of a peregrine falcon in meters per
second?
2. An automobile that set the world record for
acceleration increased speed from rest to 96 km/h in
3.07 s. How far had the car traveled by the time the
final speed has been achieved? What is its
acceleration?
3. In 1935, a French destroyer, La Terrible, attained one
of the fastest speeds for any standard warship.
Suppose it took 2.0 minutes at an acceleration of
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
Position vs. Time Graph of Constant
Velocity
The graph shows that
as time goes by, the
body changes
position by the same
amount; hence, it
shows a straight line
with a slope slanting
to the right. The
slope of a position vs
time graph
represents velocity. If
we calculate the
slope of this line, we
will get a constant
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
Velocity vs. Time Graph of Constant
The graph showsVelocity
that as time goes
by, the body's
velocity does not
change; hence,
the graph is a
horizontal line. If
we calculate the
slope for this line
which
corresponds to
the body’s
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
Velocity vs. Time Graph of Constant
The graph looks Acceleration
exactly the same
with the position
vs. time graph of
a body moving
with constant
velocity but this
one means the
opposite. The
body in this graph
is accelerating
with a constant
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

Activity No. 4
Motion Graph
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

Distance and Time Graph

10 E
9
8
7
C F
Distance (m)

6 D
5
4
B
3
2
1
0 G
A0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (s)
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

Velocity and Time Graph

16 C
14

12
E
Velocity (m/s)

10 D
8

6
B F
4

0 G
A0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time (s)
 QUIZ!

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 THREE LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 published
his book entitled Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy) which contains his
treatise on motion and the three laws
The laws of motion are useful ways
of motion.
of thinking about the motion of
everyday objects. Though
considered as a scientific law, it still
has limitations.
The laws of motion are valid when
the objects we are analyzing are not
THREE LAWS OF MOTION
1ST LAW: THE LAW OF INERTIA
An object at rest will remain at rest. An object in
motion will stay in motion with constant velocity in
a straight path unless acted upon by a net external
force. on its mass. Mass is
An object’s inertia depends
the amount of matter in an object. It is a quantity
that only depends on the inertia of an object. This
implies that heavier objects are harder to move or
when it is already moving, it is hard to stop. Simply
put, the greater the mass, the greater the amount
A space shuttle travels in a nearly circular orbit
of inertia.
around Earth. If suddenly the force of gravity that
hold the space shuttle were cut off, what type of
path would the shuttle follow?
1ST LAW: THE LAW OF INERTIA

Is there a difference between Galileo’s assertion

and Newton’s first law of motion?

The difference lies in the concept of force. Galileo

knew about friction but did not know about the
concept of force. He used the term 'push and pull' to
signify forces. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined
the concept of force and its relation to motion.
1ST LAW: THE LAW OF INERTIA
Give some applications of the law of inertia.

Spinning Egg

Seatbelt and Headrest

Inertia Trick
THREE LAWS OF MOTION

Activity No. 5
Law of Acceleration
 2ND LAW: THE LAW OF ACCELERATION
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the force exerted on the object and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
 
𝑎𝛼 𝐹

 
1
𝑎𝛼
𝑚
 2ND LAW: THE LAW OF ACCELERATION
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the force exerted on the object and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
How much force, or thrust,
 
𝐹 must a 20,000-kg jet plane
𝑎= develop to achieve an
𝑚 acceleration of 1.5 m/s2?
THREE LAWS OF MOTION

Balloon Race
 3RD LAW: THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION

When an object exerts a force on another object, the

second object exerts an equal and opposite force to the
first object.
𝐹 𝐴𝐵 =− 𝐹
 

𝐵𝐴
In the interaction of objects, force always comes in
pairs. Consider your movement when you are walking.
Your feet is pushing the ground downward, we can label
this as the action force. On the other hand,
the reaction is provided by the second object on which
the feet is in contact with, and it is equal and opposite
to the direction of the reaction force. Thus, the reaction
3RD LAW: THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION

Action and reaction do not cancel each other out.

Unlike in the first law of motion where the forces act
on an object, these forces are acted on different
objects such as the action force acted by your feet
to the ground, and the reaction force acted by the
ground to your feet.
 QUIZ!
Classify the following
situations/examples/descriptions about the laws of
motion.
A. LAW OF ACCELERATION
B. LAW OF INERTIA
C. LAW OF INTERACTION

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NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW
OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: IDENTICAL ACCELERATION

 Gravity is an attractive force exerted by any object

that has mass. It is the force that keeps us close to
the Earth’s surface, and the Earth around the Sun. It
also acts to attract anyone and anything to each
other since matter as we know has mass.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW
OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: IDENTICAL ACCELERATION

Sir Isaac Newton described the behavior of

gravity and formulated the law of universal
gravitation which states that the attractive
gravitational force (F) between bodies with masses
(m​1​ and m​2​) is directly proportional to the product of
their masses but inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the centers of their mass
  𝑚1 𝑚 2
distributions (r).
𝐹 =𝐺 2
𝑟
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW
OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: IDENTICAL ACCELERATION

Newton's second law of motion and law of universal

gravitation can be used to solve for the acceleration
of free falling bodies near the Earth’s surface.
Let us assume that a  Equation 1
free falling body with a
mass (m​FFB​) falls freely
close to the Earth’s
 Equation 2
surface. Let us also say
that the Earth is a
sphere with a radius (rE)
= 6.371x106 m and a
mass (m​E​) =5.9723×10​24 ​
 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW
OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: IDENTICAL ACCELERATION

Combining the Algebraically, m​FFB​

two equations  can be cancelled,
we get, resulting to,
 Equation 3  Equation 4

Since the radius of the Earth (r​E​)​  

Equation 5
 is significantly larger than the
radius of a freely falling body,
then r​FFB​ can be cancelled out in
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION AND NEWTON’S LAW
OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: IDENTICAL ACCELERATION

Equation 5 shows that

acceleration only depends on the Earth’s mass
and radius, not on the mass of the free falling
body. To get the acceleration of free falling
bodies, we substitute the radius and the mass of
the Earth 5and the gravitational constant in this
 Equation
equation. Thus,

acceleration due to
NEWTON’S LAW AND KEPLER’S LAWS
OF PLANETARY MOTION
Newton’s laws of motion generally describe the
motion of bodies ranging from tiny objects, such as
a speck of dust, to very large objects, such as
stars. On the other hand, Kepler’s laws of planetary
motion specifically describe the motion of orbiting
planets. Both of these laws describe the motion of
objects, but how are they related?
Scientific laws, like Newton’s laws and Kepler’s
laws, are descriptions of an observed occurrence.
Unlike theories, laws do not explain the cause of
the observed phenomenon or why it happens. In
science, we can say that laws are the ‘rules of the
game’ followed by all things in our world.
Laws can be considered as axioms or empirical
NEWTON’S LAW AND KEPLER’S LAWS
OF PLANETARY MOTION
An axiom is a statement that is accepted to be
true but remains unproven or unprovable. Axioms
hold true only when assumptions areofmade.
Newton’s laws motion are
considered to be axioms.

An object at rest remains at rest

and an object in motion remains
in motion remains in motion in
with constant velocity unless
acted upon by an external,
unbalanced force.any situation in
Can you identify
which this ‘law’ holds true?
NEWTON’S LAW AND KEPLER’S LAWS
OF PLANETARY MOTION
An empirical law is based on factual observations
and evidence and are not derived from existing
laws.
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
are empirical laws because they
are based on his observation and
computation of planetary
movements; it is not derived from
any existing law and is evidence-
based descriptions.

Each planet moves on an ellipse

with the
Do you think you have to make Sun at oneabout
assumptions focus.this
MOMENTUM
Mass is the measure of inertia of an object which is
at rest. That is, the greater the mass of the object,
the greater is its tendency to stay at rest (or it is
harder to get it moving).
Whereas, momentum is the measure of inertia of
moving objects. That is, the greater the momentum
(or the faster the object moves) the greater is its
tendency to stay moving (or it is harder to stop).

  The momentum of an object is equal to the

product of the mass and velocity of a moving
object.
MOMENTUM
Which has greater momentum?

An object with greater mass has greater

MOMENTUM
Which has greater momentum?

A faster object has greater momentum.

MOMENTUM

Which of the following has the least momentum?

Falling leaves Rolling ball Parked car

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Marbles Collision
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Marbles Collision
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Marbles Collision
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Marbles Collision
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

When the billiard balls collide, their individual

momentum changes, which accounts for the
changes in motion of the two objects. However,
their total momentum before the collision remains
the same after the collision. This is the
consequence of the law of conservation of
momentum which states that the total momentum
of a system does not change if there are no
  𝒑𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒑𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
external forces acting on it.
  𝒎𝒗 = 𝒎𝒗 ′
 𝒎𝟏 𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝒗 𝟐 = 𝒎 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ′ + 𝒎 𝟐 𝒗 𝟐 ′
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Let us say that the cue ball (m1 = 0.17 kg), with a
velocity of 3 m/s, and the eight ball (m2 = 0.16 kg)
with a velocity of 2 m/s, are moving toward each
other. After the collision, the cue ball stops and the
eight ball moves in the opposite direction. What is
the velocity of the eight ball after the collision?
Given:
m1 = 0.17 kg m2 =
0.16 kg
v1 = 3 m/s v2 = -2
m/s
v1’= 0 v2’ = ?
 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Given:
m1 = 0.17 kg m2 = 0.16 kg
 m 1 v 1 +m 2 v 2 = m 1 v1′ +m 2 v 2′
v1 = 3 m/s v2 = -2 m/s
v1’= 0 v2’ = ?
m m
(  0.17 kg ) 3
( ) (
+ ( 0.1 6 kg ) − 2 )
= ( 0.17 kg ) ( 0 ) +(0.16 kg )( v 2¿ ¿ ′ ) ¿
s s

 0.51 kg ∙ m − 0 .32 kg ∙ m =0 +(0.16 kg )(v ¿ ¿ ′ ) ¿

2
s s
 0 . 19 kg ∙ m =0 + (0.16 kg ) ( v ¿ ¿ ′ ) ¿
2
s
  0.19 kg ∙ m
s ( 0.16 kg ) ( v2 ¿ ¿ ′ )
= ¿
0.16 kg 0.16 kg
′
  v 2 = 1.1875 m / s
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

A 0.63-kg basketball, with a velocity of 10 m/s, and

a 0.27-kg ball of clay, with a velocity of 2.5 m/s, are
moving toward each other. After the collision, the
two objects stuck together and moved as one
object. What will be the velocity of the ball-clay
system after the collision?
Given:
m1 = 0.63 kg m2 =
0.27 kg
v1 = 10 m/s v2 = -2.5
m/s
v1’= ? v2’ = ?
 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Given:  m 1 v 1 +m 2 v 2 = m 1 v1′ +m 2 v 2′
m1 = 0.63 kg m2 =
0.27 kg  m 1 v 1 +m 2 v 2 = m 1 v′ +m 2 v ′
v1 = 10 m/s v2 = -2.5
 m 1 v 1 +m 2 v 2 =(m 1 +m 2 ) v ′
m/s
v1’= ?
 ( 0.63 v2’ = ?
m m
(
kg )) 10 (
v1’= v2’ =sv’ )
+ ( − 0.27 kg ) 2.5
s
=( 0.63 kg+0.27 kg) v ′

  6.3 kg ∙ m + − 0.675 kg ∙ m =(0.9 kg ) v

( s ) ( s )
′

  m ′
5.625 kg ∙ =( 0.9 kg ) v
s
 5.625 kg ∙ m ′
s (0.9 kg ) v
=
0.9 kg 0.9 kg
  𝑣 ′ = 6.25 m/s
QUIZ!

1. In an unfortunate accident, a 1500-kg car moving

at 15 m/s collided with parked 500-kg
motorcycle. If the motorcycle moved 5 m/s to the
right after collision, what is the velocity of the car
after collision?

2. A 60-kg skater slides across the skating rink at a

rate of 6 m/s. He picks up his 40-kg son who is
standing at the center of the rink. What will be
the velocity of skater and his son?
APPLICATION

Parachute Project