• Food & beverages - change in pH may

cause the change in taste & also may

Why pH is change its shelf-life
• Sunscreen
Important ? • Acne cream to maintain pH
• Inputs required
What is
pH?

• Abbreviation of  pondus hydrogenii (quantity of hydrogen)

•  Coined by Danish chemist Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen
•  pH is the measure of hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions
pH of Pure Water
• For pure water
• Acids in water increase the [H+] and because the product [H+] [OH–]
must be constant, acids decrease the [OH–] & vice versa.
• For example, suppose an acid is added to water at 25°C and the acid
raises the [H+] to 1.0 × 10–3 mol/L. Because [H+] [OH–] must always
equal 1.0 × 10–14, [OH–] will be 1.0 × 10–11 mol/L
• pH is the common way of expressing the hydrogen ion concentration
[H+]
pH of Concentrated
Solution
• It is Valid for highly diluted solutions only. If concentrated solutions
are used, the hydrogen concentration must be replaced by the ion
activity aH+ or by aOH-
• Relation between concentration and activity of an ion where f is the
activity coefficient for that ion.

• The reason for the difference of activity and concentration is that in

higher concentrated solutions the ions interact with each other and
therefore show a different behaviour than in diluted solutions. That
means in higher concentrated solutions the amount of "real" active
ions is lower than expected
Determination of pH by potentiometer

• An electrochemical cell for pH

measurement always consists of an
indicating electrode, whose potential is
directly proportional to pH, a reference
electrode, whose potential is
independent of pH, and the aqueous
sample to be measured. When three
parts are in contact with each other, a
potential can be measured between the
indicating electrode and the reference
electrode, which depends on the pH of
the sample and its temperature
• The relation between measured potential
E (mV), pH and temperature (K)
•This equation can be seen as the standard
formula for straight lines Y = a + b X, where b is
the slope
Calibration

• The system of pH indicating electrode,

reference electrode, pH-meter and lab
conditions is calibrated by placing the
electrodes in solutions of known buffers
andmeasuring the voltage of the cell
• The pH of a buffer is measured at 25C,
Hence we calibrate pH at 25C
• pH meters calculate the slope as a
percentage of the theoretical value, which at
25°C is-59.16 mV/pH. For example, if the
calibration slope is determined to be -58.78
at 25°C, it would equal 99.3% theoretical.
Measurement of pH
• pH is determined by measuring thepotential of an
electrochemical cell
• A pH measurement system, consists of a pH probe,
reference probe, temperature sensor, pH meter and the
sample to be measured
• In most cases the three probes are combined in one
electrode
• When the pH probe is in contact with a solution, a potential
forms between the pH probe and the reference probe
• The pH meter measures the potential and converts it, using
the calibration curve parameters, into a pH value.
At the Junction of glass bulb