ELECTRIC

MATERIA
AL
SELIBIO

LS
Electrical materials

conductors
Semi-conductors
insulators
conductors
are the materials or substances
which allow electricity to flow
through them
 conductors

metal
Conductivity is achieved through
sufficient low energy electrons
detached from the atoms
 conductors

salt
made of sodium ions and chlorine
ions
 conductors

gold silver copper

Semi-
conductors
is a substance that can conduct
electricity under some
conditions making it a good
medium for the control of
electrical current
Semi-
conductors
a solid substance that has a
conductivity between that of an
insulator and that of most metals,
either due to the addition of an
impurity or because of
temperature effects.
 Semi-
conductors

Elemental semiconductors include antimony,

arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium, selenium,
silicon, sulfur, and tellurium
 Semi-conductors

silicon germanium
insulators
are the materials or substances
through which electricity cannot
pass
 insulators

Conductive objects are

often mounted upon
insulating objects.
 insulators

This arrangement of a
conductor on top of an
insulator prevents charge
from being transferred from
the conductive object to its
surroundings
 insulators

rubber glass wood

Thank you!
 Va l e n c e b a n d s o f e l e c t r i c a l m a t e r i a l s

Conduction band

Conduction band
e- e- e- Band gap
Conduction band
e- e- e- e- e-
energy

energy

energy
Band gap

Va l e n c e b a n d Va l e n c e b a n d Va l e n c e b a n d
e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e-

conductors Semi-conductors insulators

 Va l e n c e b a n d s o f e l e c t r i c a l m a t e r i a l s

Conduction band

Conduction band
e- e- e- Band gap
Conduction band
e- e- e- e- e-
energy

energy

energy
Band gap

Va l e n c e b a n d Va l e n c e b a n d Va l e n c e b a n d
e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- 0 0 e- e- e- e- e- e- e-

conductors Semi-conductors insulators

 silver
copper
Conductors

aluminum
Increasing conducting

i ro n
m e rc u r y
carbon
water
Semi-conductors
b i l i t y

g e rm a n i u m
a

silicon
Insulators Dry air
wood
glass
rubber
 Comparison Chart

Conductor Semiconductor Insulator

Forbidden energy Not exist Small (1 eV) Large (>5 eV)
gap

Conductivity High (10-7 mho/m) Medium (10-7 to 10-13  Very Low (10-3 

mho/m) mho/m)
Almost negligible.

Resistivity Low Moderate High

Flow of current Due to movement Due to movement of Almost negligible but
of free electrons. electrons and holes. only due to free
electrons.

Temperature Positive Negative Negative

coefficient of
resistance
 Comparison Chart

Conductor Semiconductor Insulator

Charge carriers in Completely filled Partially filled Completely vacant
conduction band

Charge carriers in Almost vacant Partially filled Completely filled

valence band

Example Copper, Silicon, Germanium, Paper, rubber, glass,

Aluminium, arsenic etc. plastic etc.
graphite etc.

Applications Conducting wires, Diodes, transistors, Sports equipment,

Transformers, in optocouplers etc. home appliances etc.
electrical cords
etc.
totoo na ‘to
Thank you!