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Uneven heating
Differential heating (absorption of solar energy) between the
equator and the poles
Pressure gradients due to buoyancy forces
Fx = - ( )
0º
345° 18% 15°
330° 16% 30°
14%
315° 45°
12%
10%
300° 60°
8%
6%
285° 4%
75°
2%
270° 0% 90°
255° 105°
240° 120°
225° 135°
210° 150°
195° 165°
180°
Wind turbines effects
Wind turbines produces wakes that will affect the other turbines (wind
speed decreases and turbulence increases)
A general recommendation for a Wind farm layout is to position turbines
apart with a lateral (inter-turbine) distance of 5 rotor diameters and a row
spacing of 10 diameters
Pros Cons
-No slip rings on the generator -Gear failures
-Lighter than other technologies -Capacitors used to supply
-Low cost reactive power
Wind Turbines
WRIG: Wound Rotor Induction Generator
Multiple stage gearbox
Limited variable speed: the converter controlled a variable resistance
connected to rotor winding, which in turn controlled the slip
Directly connected to the grid
Wind Turbines
WRIG: Wound Rotor Induction Generator
Pros Cons
-Ligther than other Technologies -Converter needed to control the
-Medium cost rotor resistance
-Gear failures
-Capacitors needed for island
mode conditions
-Limited speed range
-Slip rings
Wind Turbines
DFIG: Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Multiple stage gearbox
Variable speed: converter is connected to the rotor, in order to control
slip
Stator directly connected to the grid
Wind Turbines
DFIG: Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Pros Cons
-Low-cost small capacity -Gear failures
converter -Capacitors or full-power
-Medium cost converters needed for island
-Good control of reactive and mode conditions
active power -Slip rings
Wind Turbines
Pros Cons
-Direct coupling (no gearboxes) -Expensive full power converter
-Reactive power supply (no -Heavier than others
capacitors needed) for island technologies
operation -Small converter for field
-Complete control of reactive and -More expensive
active power -Slip rings (maintenance cost)
Wind Turbines
Pros Cons
-Direct coupling (no gearboxes) -Expensive full power converter
-Reactive power supply (no -Heavier than others
capacitors needed) for island technologies
operation -More expensive
-Brushless -Permanent magnets needed
-Complete control of reactive and
active power
-Reliability
-Low cost O&M
Wind Turbines
Wind Turbines
Different configurations
DFIG EESG/PMSG
Source: ABDI (2014)
Wind Turbines
DFIG: GE
Source: GE (2012)
Wind Turbines
EESG: Enercon/Wobben
Source: Vestas
DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS
Development of Projects
Initial assumptions:
Area: 1 MW for each 13-15 hectare
Capacity factor of 50% (valid for Brazil!)
Development of Projects
Start measuring!
Meteorological mast: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity
and pressure