Wcdma codes , code tree

concept
 Basics of WCDMA

• WCDMA user uses same radio resources where as TDMA or FDMA user
have their own radio resources allocated.
• WCDMA users signal are differentiated based on codes.
 GENERATION OF WCDMA
Channelizat- Scrambling
ion code code

Channel
data
 Spreading and Despreading
• Spread-spectrum transmission
• a technique in which the user’s original signal is transformed into another form that
occupies a larger bandwidth than the original signal would normally need
• the original data sequence is binary multiplied with a spreading code that typically has a
much larger bandwidth than the original signal
• the bits in the spreading code are called chips to differentiate them from the bits in the
data sequence, which are called symbols
• each user has its own spreading code
• the identical code is used in both transformations on each end of the radio channel
• spreading the original signal to produce a wideband signal
• despreading the wideband signal back to the original narrowband signal
• Separates users through different codes

• Codes are used for two purposes:

• Differentiate channels/users
• Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
 SPREADING CODE

Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes
 Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
 Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code
 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
 Period depends on data rate
CHANNELIZATION
CODE
Code tree
 SCRAMBLING CODE

After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special code to distinguish
between different transmitters.

Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized

The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length – longer codes, better
separation (but not 100%)

Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

CONT…
Basic operation of thereceiver for WCDMA
• the upper half of the figure shows the reception of the desired own signal
• the despreading operation with a perfectly synchronized code
• the correlation receiver integrates (i.e. sums) the resulting products (data × code) for each
user bit
• the lower half of the figure shows the effect of
• the despreading operation of another user with a different spreading code
• the result of multiplying the interfering signal with the own code and integrating the resulting
products leads to interfering signal values lingering around 0
 Channelization vs scrambling code
Channellization Code Scrambling Code
Usage UL: Separation of physical data UL: Separation of terminals
and control channels from same DL: Separation of
UE cells/sectors
DL: Separation of different users
within one cell
Length UL:4-256 chips 38400 chips
DL:4-512 chips
No. of codes No. of codes under one UL: Several million
scrambling code= SF DL: 512
Code Family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Long 10ms code: Gold code
Factor Short code: Extended S(2) code
Family
Increase B.W? YES NO
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