STANDARDS

Learning Objective:
At the end of the lesson the student are expected to:
a. Appreciate the importance of standards
b. Demonstrate underestanding in standard and its classification, a
ttributes of standards and standard of living, and the factors influen
cing standards and interrelatedness of values, goals and standard
s
c. Cite instances where standards can be applied in real life situati
on.
The desire for excellence becomes a
reality when an individual sets a
standard, reach it and surpass it
consistently.
-Israelmore Ayivor
Concept of Standards and Definition

Gross et al 1973;
“Standards as a measure of quality
and/or quantity which reflects
reconciliation of resources with demand.”
Standard are specification of values
.

Standard is a set of criteria

stemming from value pattern,
determining the amount and kind of
interest in an item or activity, and
the satisfaction recieved.
 Standards are “mental picture of what
is considered essential and necessary
to make life satisfying”.

 Standards act as limits on individual and

family behavior.

 Standards dictate what is right and

proper.
 Copper say: “ We set a standard for each
kind of activity determined, intrinsically by
what we think will provide maximum
satisfaction for it, and extrinsically, by
what we believe will make the maximum
contribution to the realization of our life
plans.
CLASSIFICATION OF
STANDARDS
Ｉ.
1.QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS

2. QUALITATIVE STANDARDS
 Quantitative Standards are
objective and can be measured
through linear, value and marks
measurement.
 Qualitative standards are
intangible, descriptive, and
subjective and can not be
accurately divided into two
subgroup.
II.
 CONVENTIONAL

 NON CONVENTIONAL
STANDARDS
CONVENTIONAL STANDARDS

• Traditional and are accepted by the

society at large or in the social group.

• Fixed at a given time through liable to

change when conditions change.
Non-conventional Standards

• tend to be flexible
• they are adopted to suit a given situation

• these are not widely accepted by the community but

for the convenience or due to resource restriction.
III.Degree of Flexibility( Flexible and
Rigid)

• Fixedness or flexibility shows a degree, varying

from rigid, through less rigid, to flexible.

• Fixedness of standards varies and depend upon

place and time.
IV. Quality (high and low)

• Quality is more easily understood than

other classes of standards, as it is
usually what we mean when we speak of
the standards of another person, or of
ourselves or of the community.

• it is refers to the character or essence of

something evaluated subjectively and is
usually expressed in terms of degree or
range.
V. Person who Holds them(Individual and Family)

• Person standards held by an individual i.e that are important to

a particular person.

• Family standard are reflective standards

It of an entire family as
a unit.
Attributed of Standards and
Standard of Living by
Families
Attributes of Standards:

 CLARITY
 FLEXIBILITY
 REALITY
 COMPLEXITY
 Clarity of Standards - tells about the
specification of quality and quantity of related
materials.

 Flexibility in Standards - is the range of

acceptable qualitative/quantitative factors for
situation.
 Reality in Standard - is the feasibility of
achieving the chosen quality/quantity.

 Complexity in Standards - is the

interrelationship of person, task and
standards, complexity includes the
qualitative/quantitative interactions within
or between tasks involving one or more
persons.
CHOOSING STANDARDS
Four Criteria:

1. its relation to the fundamental values and goals held.

2. its effect on the individual and the group.
3. its cost in use of the available resources of money time a
nd effort
4. the amount of satisfaction it brings.
To choose any kind of standard one should generally
ask the following question:

1. What does this standard cost in time, effort, money?

2. How did the standard originate? does it still serve a purpo
se?
3. What is the effect on other people of maintianing this stan
dard?
4. How can one accept flexible standard, one has to see wh
ether the new method yield as “good” product.
5. How this standard relate to a fundamental value?
 STANDARD OF LIVING
• Is used to describe behaviour of individuals and families t
o secure what they consider essential for themselves.

• combination of many specific standards.

• determines the character of the real income of the family

within the limit set by resources and is a power to which
we defer unconsciously in every choice we make.
 Standard are
specification of values
and differ from place to
place, person to person,
group to group, religion
and etc.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES THE STANDARD O
F LIVING:

1. Income and number of dependents.

2. Class of the individual.
than
3. Education and Individual taste.
4. The physical environment.
5. Economic system.
FACTORS INFLUENCING STAND
ARDS AND INTERRELATEDNES
S OF VALUES, GOALS, AND STA
NDARDS
Choice of standards by the individuals and families is dependant o
n a number of factors.

• VALUES, GOALS AND STANDARDS - They form the basis for a

ll managerial decisions

• VALUES define why some activity is performed or some decision

is made, GOALS determine the results worked for and the STAN
DARDS measure the results in acceptable forms.
 Factors Affecting Choice of Standards

• Cost of available resources

• Fundamental values and goals
• Effect on people
• Social acceptability of a standard
• Cost of available resources
standard are governed by the family”s affordability.

• Fundamental values and goals

– standards are related to both values and goals.
• Effect on people
convenience or desire of the family members
also determines the standards.

• Social acceptability of a standard

– the standards are also influenced by their accept
ability with in a social large number of families in
the society.
VALUES, GOALS AND STANDARDS

- tend to act as a check and balance system upo

n each other.

- are separate concepts yet they are so clossely l

inked that one cannot exist without the other.
Throughout your life the input of Values
, Goals and Standards is to MOTIVATE,
GUIDE AND DIRECT YOUR MANAGEMEN
T.
“We're all in the same game , jus
t different levels.
Dealing with the same hell , just
600 million

different devils.”

-Anonymous
PC
users
in
China
150 million
overseas
users
and
millions of
template
users
At present
the market valuation
is
several billion
US dollars