GAYA RUJUKAN

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
(APA 6th EDITION)
RUSLAN HJ ABDULLAH
PENSYARAH
JABATAN PENGAJIAN MELAYU
IPG KAMPUS IPOH
Panduan Penulisan
Stail APA
What’s Included in APA Style?
• Basically everything in your paper:
- How your pages are set up
- How you cite sources
- Your references
- Even your language
 Format Umum
• Penulisan anda harus References
References
mempunyai empat
seksyen utama
 Main body - Overview

Identify the Review related

problem or area
Collect data
research literature

Organize, analyze Take action;

& interpret apply findings
 We’ll start with the list of
references
• Required if you cite any sources in your
paper
• Every source cited in your paper must
appear on the reference list, and every entry
in your reference list must be cited in your
paper
• Double spaced!
 References Page
Center the title (References) at the top of the page.
Do not bold it.
Double-space reference entries
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent
subsequent lines.
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s
surnames
 Bilakah suntingan dalam
penulisan perlu anda buat?
• Bila merujuk kepada idea/konsep yang anda
cungkil dari sumber bacaan.
• Bila membuat petikan daripada sumber
bacaan.
• Bila anda hendak memberitahu pembaca
sumber lain di mana maklumat tertentu
boleh diperolehi
Mengolah semula ayat
Scott (1992) dapat mengenalpasti…

Beberapa pengkaji (Anthony, 1990;

Gregory, 1985 dan Polk, 1980)
melaporkan…
APA Style: Point of View and Voice
Personal pronouns where appropriate
Try: We conducted an experiment…
Avoid: The authors conducted an experiment….

The active voice rather than passive voice

Try: Kami/saya mengemukakan soalan kepada
peserta…
Avoid: Peserta telah ditanya soalan oleh
pengkaji…
 Menyunting petikan
• You need to put the author last name(s) and date,
like while paraphrasing, but also the PAGE
NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS (for
online sources).

Example: “the research findings clearly indicate

support for the hypotheses” (Douglass, 1986, p.
55).
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women’s
responses to the war have been ignored” (p.2)
 Warning
• Keep quotations to a minimum (less than 3
per paper)
• Don’t forget the quotation marks and page
numbers (or paragraph numbers), or you
will be guilty of plagiarism!
 Headings
Using headings makes it easier to navigate your
paper. In a short paper like your lit review,
you’d probably only use the first-level heading,
but this is what they look like in order:

First-Level Heading
Second-Level Heading
Third-level heading. Begin text of paragraph…
 APA Headings
APA uses a system of five heading levels
 APA Headings
Here is an example of the five-level heading
system:

Example 1
Example 2
Abstract Page
Don’t get tied up in knots…
Ask if you’re unsure about
anything..
 Tutorial 4
• Secara kumpulan, bina sumber rujukan
berdasarkan:
• Buku
• Jurnal
• Akhbar
• Tesis