01) GSM System Survey

ZTE University
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
GSM
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Important Principles and
Technologies of GSM
ZTE University
OBJECTIVES
• To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile

technology
• To understand the entities that made up GSM

Mobile System
• To know the principles and services that make up

GSM
ZTE University
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
• One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all
telecommunications technologies.
•Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it

was in the 1980’s that it was really developed.
• The main goal of mobile communication is to realize

communication among any objects at any time, and in any
place.
ZTE University
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
STAGES OF PUBLIC LAND MOBILE

NETWORK
GENERATION STAGE
First Analog Mobile Telephone System
Second Digital Mobile Communication System
Third International Mobile Telephony 2000
ZTE University
FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE
SYSTEM
ANALOG MOBILE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
• NMT 450
– Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981
• AMPS
– Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started
in 1983
• TACS
– Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz
started in 1985
• NMT 900
- A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986
ZTE University
FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE
SYSTEM
CONS OF ANALOG MOBILE
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• No public air interface between various systems

• Problem in inter-operability with digital networks
• Low frequency availability thus reducing network capacity
• Low degree of subscriber security and safety
ZTE University
SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE
SYSTEM (1)
DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

(TDMA)
2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION

MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)
ZTE University
SYSTEM (2)
SYSTEM (TDMA)
• D-AMPS
– Digital – AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900
MHz, started in 1991
• PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz,
started in 1994
• GSM
- Global Systems for Mobile
Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in
1991
ZTE University
SYSTEM (3)
SYSTEM (TDMA)
• GSM 1800
– Digital Cellular System: used in 1800
MHz, started in 1992
• GSM 1900
– Personal Communication System: used
in 1900 MHz, started in 1995
ZTE University
INTRODUCTION TO GSM
WHAT IS GSM?
GROUPE SPECIALE MOBILE
GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS
ZTE University
INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Why was there a need to develop a cellular
standard?
• Incompatibility among existing cellular systems
which were mostly analog
• Spectrum Efficiency
• International roaming capability
• Low mobile and Station Cost
• Good subjective voice quality
• Ability to support new services
ZTE University
MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (1)
1. Spectrum Efficiency
2. Capacity
3. Strong Anti-Interference Capability
ZTE University
MAIN FEATURES OF GSM (2)
4. Open Interfaces
5. Security
6. Interconnection with other networks
7. Roaming
ZTE University
SYSTEM (4)

SYSTEM (N-CDMA)
• A mobile communication system developed
mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm
Co. on basis of IS–95.
• The specifications of North American digital
cellular systems are drawn up by the American
Telecom Industry Association(TIA).
• This system has been adopted by China
Unicom in 2001
ZTE University
THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE
SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE
TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000)
• The future of mobile network that will allow the
multi-media support of high flow of services
and mobility, with performances higher than
those currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS
• Designation of frequency bands is harmonized
universally in the vicinity of 2 GHz
• Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps
ZTE University
SYSTEM
IMT 2000 MAIN FEATURES
• Multiple System Inter-operability

• With a high degree of consistency in
worldwide design
• Compatibility between IMT-2000 services
and fixed networks
• High quality
• Small portable terminals used worldwide.
ZTE University
SYSTEM
Bit rate 2 Mb/s

384 Kb/s
160 Kb/s
64 Kb/s
9.6 Kb/s
Technology
CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
IMT 2000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ZTE University
GSM
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
MS (Mobile Station)
MS
BTS
PSTN,ISDN...
BSS (Base Station System)
BSC
MSC
NSS (Network Switching
Voicemail Server
Subsystem)
SM-SC VLR HLR AuC EIR
OMC OMC
OMM(Operations & Maintenance
NMC GSM interfaces
X.25 links Management)
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Um Abis
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
A
BTS
TRAU HLR/AUC
BTS Qx PSTN / PLMN /

PSPDN / ISDN
EIR SMC
OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
Ater A
BTS
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
• BSS: Base Station Subsystem

• BSC: Base Station Controller
• BTS: Base Transceiver Station
• MSC:Mobile Services Switching Center
• OMC:Operation and Maintenance Center
• AUC:Authentication Center
• EIR:Equipment Identification Register
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES

• HLR:Home Location Register
• VLR:Visitor Location Register
• MS:Mobile Station
• ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network
• PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
• PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork
• PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)
• Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber

• MS comprises of the following:
1. Mobile Equipment
2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Personal Identification Number (PIN) is used to
prevent unauthorized use of SIM Card
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment
SIM
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION

NUMBERS
• International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
– Consists of GSM Type permission code and related
manufacturer product number
• International Mobile Subscriber Identifier (IMSI)
– This number is also stored in Home Location Register
(HLR)
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM

(NSS)
• Performs the following main functions:
– Switching functions
– Database functions
– Mobility Management
– Safety Management
• Manages communication among GSM Mobile
subscribers and other communication network
subscribers
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

Network Switching Subsystem
F
C
EIR
A
MSC B D
VLR
BSC/ TRC
E G HLR/ AUC
B D
VLR
C
MSC
F
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
SIX FUNCTIONAL UNITS
1. Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)

2. Home location Register (HLR)
3. Visitor Location Register (VLR)
4. Authentification Center (AUC)
5. Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
6. Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)
• The core of GSM Network which provides

switching functions
• Connects mobile subscribers with fixed network
subscribers or with other mobile subscribers
• Provides interfaces to other communication
networks and interconnection with other MSCs
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF MSC
• MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber

call requests from 3 types of databases (HLR,
VLR and AUC).
• Series of services provided by MSC:
1. TELECOM SERVICES eg. Telephony, fax,
emergency call, etc
2. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES eg. Call forwarding,
call barring, etc.
3. BEARER SERVICES eg. Security and
authentication, etc.
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)
• Dynamic subscriber database
• Stores all related information of mobile

subscribers entering the MSC Service Area
• Obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR

of a mobile subscriber
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
• Central Database of GSM System
• Stores all related data of a mobile subscribers controlled
by the same HLR
• Important Static Data:
• IMSI, Access capability, subscriber type, and Supplementary
services
• HLR also stores and provides MSC(A) with (dynamic)
information of the MSC(B) area into which a mobile station
has roamed, so that any incoming call is immediately sent
to the called subscriber on a selected path.
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)
• Functional unit of HLR which is especially used for
security management of the GSM System
• Stores authentication information and encryption

keys for:
– Subscriber authentication
– Encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on radio
interfaces
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFCATION REGISTER (EIR)
• Stores International Mobile Equipment Identifier
(IMEI) of mobile equipment
• 3 Types of List:
1. WHITE – Authorized Mobile Equipment
2. GRAY – MEs that should be monitored in case of
faults
3. BLACK – Unauthorized Mobile equipment
• Mobile operators used EIR information the

location of reported stolen MS and block it
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE

GSM Service Area
PLMN Service Area

• CELL
MSC Service Area
Location Area
• LOCATION AREA
Cell
• MSC SERVICE AREA
• PLMN SERVICE AREA
• GSM SERVICE AREA
ZTE University
BSS
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
ZXG-10 BSS ARCHITECTURE
Um Abis Interface Q3 Interface
Interface
BTS
B B
I I
E E
MS OMC-R
BSC
BTS SM SM TC MSC
BS Interface Ater Interface A Interface
TC: TransCoder BIE: Base station Interface

SM: SubMultiplexing Equipment
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
BASE TRANCEIVER STATION (BTS)
• Radio transmission part of the Base Station

Subsystem
• Controlled by the Base Station Controller
• Holds cell radio tranceiver equipment
• Handles conversation between BSC and radio
channels
• Performs radio transmission and control function
between BTS and MS via Um interface
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)
• Performs the switching function of BSS
• Network Connections
– Several BTSs
– MSC (if Transcoder is included in BSC)
– OMC-R
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
BSC FUNCTIONS
1. Manages radio network and resources

2. Supervises and manages BTSs
3. Controls the establishment, connection and
disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS
4. Handover
5. Paging of Mobile Stations
6. Operations and Maintenance functions
ZTE University
GSM SYSTEM
TRANSCODER (TC)
• Performs transcoding and rate adaptation
• TC completes voice conversion between the

16kbit/s RPE-LTP (regular pulse excited long-term
prediction) codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes. I
• ZXG10-TC is located between MSC and BSC.
ZTE University
FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF GSM
Service Carrier
Subscriber
OAM
CM
MM
RR
TRANSMISSION
ZTE University
PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
RR BSSAP BSSMAP
RR RR
BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
MTP2 MTP2
Radio Carrier E1/ T1 E1/ T1
Um Abis A
ZTE University
PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
2 KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING

DTAP
MS BTS/ BSC MSC

BSSMAP
• DTAP:transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM)

• BSSMAP:BSS management message
ZTE University
FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS

SYSTEM P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900
Frequencies
- Uplink 890 - 915 MHz 880 - 915 MHz 1710 - 1785 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz
- Downlink 935 - 960 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength ~33 cm ~33 cm ~17 cm ~16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex Distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Radio Channels 125 175 375 300
ZTE University
FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-

DOMAIN
Frequency
200 kHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Timeslot
BP
Interval
15/26 ms
ZTE University
Air Interface CHANNELS
CHANNEL TYPES
Channels are divided into physical and logical
channels:
1. Physical Channels – the path used to carry

information between an MS and a BTS
2. Logical Channels – different information
carried on the physical channels
a. Control Channels
b. Traffic Channels
ZTE University
Logical
Channels
Control Traffic
Channels Channels
Broadcast Common Control Dedicated Control

Channels Channels Channels
FCCH RACH SDCCH
SCH AGCH SACCH
BCCH PCH FACCH
ZTE University
TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Traffic channel carries encoded speech or subscriber data,
including full-rate traffic channel and half-rate traffic channel:
Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F): total rate is 22.8

kbit/s
Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H): total rate is 11.4

kbit/s
1) Speech channel
TCH/FS: full-rate speech traffic channel
TCH/HS: half-rate speech traffic channel
2) Data channel
TCH/F9.6: 9.6kbit/s full-rate data traffic channel
ZTE University
CONTROL CHANNELS
Control channels carry signaling information
used by the MS to locate a BTS, synchronize
itself with the BTS, and receive information
required to perform call setup.
There are three categories of control channels:
1. Broadcast Channel (BCH)

2. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
3. Common Control Channel (CCCH)
ZTE University
CONTROL CHANNEL – BROADCASTING CHANNEL
(BCH)
They are used only as downward channels, i.e., one-way
transmission from the base station to mobile stations. They can
be divided into three types of channels:
a.FCCH: frequency correction channel, carrying information used

in MS frequency calibration.
b. SCH: synchronization channel, carrying information of MS frame
synchronization and base Transceiver station (BTS)
identification.
c. BCCH: broadcasting control channel; this channel broadcasts
general BTS information. Among transceivers at each base
station, there is always one transceiver that contains such a
channel, so as to broadcast system information to mobile stations
ZTE University
CONTROL CHANNEL – COMMON CONTROL CHANNEL
(CCCH)
CCCH are shared by all mobile stations in the network. There
are 3 types of such channels:
a. PCH: paging channels, used by a base station to page

mobile stations (downward).
b. RACH: random access channel, used by mobile stations
for random access network application, i.e., requesting the
allocation of SDCCH channels (upward).
c. AGCH: access granted channel, used by a base station
to respond to random access requests of mobile stations,
i.e., to assign one SDCCH or directly assign one TCH
(downward).
ZTE University
CONTROL CHANNEL – DEDICATED CONTROL
CHANNEL (DCCH)
In application, the base station will assign it to a mobile
station, so as to make point-to-point transmission between
the base station and the mobile station.
a. SDCCH: a stand-alone dedicated control channel, used to

transmit such information as channel assignment.
b. SACCH: slow-speed associated control channel, used in

combination with one traffic channel or one SDCCH, to
send some specific subscriber information, e.g.,power and
frame adjustment control information, measurement data,
etc.
ZTE University
CONTROL CHANNEL – DEDICATED CONTROL
CHANNEL (DCCH)
c. FACCH: fast associated control channel, combining with

one traffic channel to carry the same signals as SDCCH,
but it is assigned only when SDCCH has not been
assigned. Call connection is realized via frames borrowed
from traffic channels to transmit such commands as
“hand-over “
ZTE University
TDMA FRAME
1 TDMA frame TDMA1 TDMA25 or 50
fi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Multiframe
Channel 0
Channel 1
Channel 7
ZTE University
CHANNEL COMBINATION
Item Configuration Combination
1 TCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF
2 TCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH
3 TCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H
4 MainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+
BCCHCombined
5 SACCH/C4
6 BCH BCCH + CCCH
7 SDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+
BCCHwithCBCH
8 SACCH/C4 + CBCH
9 SDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH
ZTE University
Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel
ZTE University
Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel
51 Ö¡
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£©
BCCH+CCCH
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£©
(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£©
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I
8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£©
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
+4SDCCH/4
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£© F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
BCCH+CCCH
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 F S D2
+4SDCCH/4
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£© D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 F S D2
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
F£ºFCCH S£ºSCH
B£ºBCCH C£ºCCCH£¨CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH£©
R£ºRACH D£ºSDCCH
A£ºSACCH/C I£ºidle
ZTE University
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT INSIDE CELLS
• Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX
TN0:FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3)+
SACCH/C4(0,_,3);
TN1_7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
• The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs
1TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH;

2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7);
29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
ZTE University
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT INSIDE CELLS
Large-size cell with 12 TRXs
1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH;

1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group:
BCCH+CCCH;
5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7);
87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
ZTE University
BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (1)
BURST – the information contained in one TS of TDMA

frame over the air interface
5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BURST
1. Normal Burst
2. Frequency Correction Burst
3. Synchronization Burst
4. Access Burst
5. Dummy Burst
ZTE University
Training
Sequence 26
Training
Sequence
64
ZTE University
BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (2)
1. NB (Normal Burst): used for traffic channel

and control channels except for RACH, SCH,
FCCH.
2. AB (Access Burst): Transmitted on RACH

channel and used as access request made by
MS to BTS. AB is the sole short BP sequence
defined by GSM protocol.
ZTE University
BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (3)
3. SB (Synchronization Burst): Transmitted on

SCH channel and used for initial
synchronization seizing by MS.
4. FB (Frequency Correction Burst) : Used for

carrier frequency correction of MS.
5. DB (Dummy Burst): Has the same format with

NB, mainly used for bit filling
ZTE University
TRAINING SEQUENCE OF GSM
Binary
TSC Hexadecimal
BN61 - BN86
0 970897 ‘00100101110000100010010111
1 B778B7 ‘00101101110111100010110111
2 10EE90E ‘01000011101110100100001110
3 11ED11E ‘01000111101101000100011110
4 6B906B ‘00011010111001000001101011
5 13AC13A ‘01001110101100000100111010
6 29F629F ‘1010011110110001010011111
7 3BC4BBC ‘11101111000100101110111100
ZTE University
TRAFFIC
Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network
can support and is usually described as follows:
where, A= n×T/3600
n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour ；
T- average duration of each call(in seconds)
A - Traffic, in Erlang
Problem: If one call is made by a subscriber within an

hour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as:
=1×120/3600=33mErl 。
For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is

usually defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
ZTE University
GRADE OF SERVICE (1)
Grade of Service （ GOS ）： GOS refers to

the degree of network congestion or call loss
rate. GOS=2% means that 98% of
subscribers can make calls successfully and
2% of subscribers will end up with
unsuccessfulness.
For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.
ZTE University
Erlang B GoS Capacity
Number of Channels
0.020 0.050 0.001 0.002
2 0.22 0.38 0.05 0.07
4 1.09 1.52 0.44 0.54
5 1.66 2.22 0.76 0.90
10 5.08 6.22 3.09 3.43
20 13.18 15.25 9.41 10.07
24 16.63 19.03 12.24 13.01
40 31.00 34.60 24.44 25.60
70 59.13 64.67 49.24 50.98
100 87.97 95.24 75.24 77.47
ZTE University
Erlang-B Traffic Tables
Abbreviated – For 2% Grade of Service Only
#Trunks Erlangs #Trunks
Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs#Trunks
Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks
Erlangs #Trunks Erlangs #Trunks
Erlangs
1 0.0204 26 18.4 51 41.2 76 64.9 100 88 150 136.8 200 186.2 250 235.8
2 0.223 27 19.3 52 42.1 77 65.8 102 89.9 152 138.8 202 188.1 300 285.7
3 0.602 28 20.2 53 43.1 78 66.8 104 91.9 154 140.7 204 190.1 350 335.7
4 1.09 29 21 54 44 79 67.7 106 93.8 156 142.7 206 192.1 400 385.9
5 1.66 30 21.9 55 44.9 80 68.7 108 95.7 158 144.7 208 194.1 45
436.1
6 2.28 31 22.8 56 45.9 81 69.6 110 97.7 160 146.6 210 196.1 500 486.40
7 2.94 32 23.7 57 46.8 82 70.6 112 99.6 162 148.6 212 198.1 600 587.2
8 3.63 33 24.6 58 47.8 83 71.6 114 101.6 164 150.6 214 200 700 688.2
9 4.34 34 25.5 59 48.7 84 72.5 116 103.5 166 152.6 216 202 800 789.3
10 5.08 35 26.4 60 49.6 85 73.5 118 105.5 168 154.5 218 204 900 890.6
11 5.84 36 27.3 61 50.6 86 74.5 120 107.4 170 156.5 220 206 1000 999.1
12 6.61 37 28.3 62 51.5 87 75.4 122 109.4 172 158.5 222 208 1100 1093
13 7.4 38 29.2 63 52.5 88 76.4 124 111.3 174 160.4 224 210
14 8.2 39 30.1 64 53.4 89 77.3 126 113.3 176 162.4 226 212
15 9.01 40 31 65 54.4 90 78.3 128 115.2 178 164.4 228 213.9
16 9.83 41 31.9 66 55.3 91 79.3 130 117.2 180 166.4 230 215.9
17 10.7 42 32.8 67 56.3 92 80.2 132 119.1 182 168.3 232 217.9
18 11.5 43 33.8 68 57.2 93 81.2 134 121.1 184 170.3 234 219.9
19 12.3 44 34.7 69 58.2 94 82.2 136 123.1 186 172.4 236 221.9
20 13.2 45 35.6 70 59.1 95 83.1 138 125 188 174.3 238 223.9
21 14 46 36.5 71 60.1 96 84.1 140 127 190 176.3 240 225.9
22 14.9 47 37.5 72 61 97 85.1 142 128.9 192 178.2 242 227.9
23 15.8 48 38.4 73 62 98 86 144 130.9 194 180.2 244 229.9
24 16.6 49 39.3 74 62.9 99 87 146 132.9 196 182.2 246 231.8
25 17.5 50 40.3 75 63.9 100 88 148 134.8 198 184.2 248 233.8
ZTE University
SUGGESTED CHANNEL
CONFIGURATION
Based on Zhongxing Traffic Model at GoS of 2%
Number of TRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CCHs 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
TCHs 7 14 22 30 37 45 53
Traffic GoS 2% 2.94 8.20 14.90 21.93 28.25 35.61 43.06
ZTE University
GSM CALL TRANSMISSION PROCESS
8 STAGES OF CALL TRANSMISSION
1. Analog to Digital Conversion

2. Segmentation
3. Speech Encoding
4. Channel Encoding
5. Channel Interleaving
6. Ciphering
7. Burst formatting
8. Modulation and Transmission
ZTE University
CHANNEL ENCODING
• Chanel encoding in GSM uses the 260 bits from

speech coding as an input and outputs 456
encoded bits.
- Special redundancy technologies adopted to
increase the bulk of transmitted information which
can be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) at
the sending end and extracted at an agreed
pattern (decoding) at the receiving end in order to
enhance the anti-interference capacity and
transmission
- Commonly used channel coding methods are: 1)
convolutional coding; 2) Fire coding; 3) parity
check coding.
ZTE University
CHANNEL ENCODING
CONVOLUTIONL CODING
260 bits /
20ms
50 bit (Ia) 132 bit 78 bit (Ic)
(Ib)
50 3 132 4 78
Protection
bits
Fire
Code
53 bit 78 bit
136 bit
189
bit
CONVOLUTIONAL 378
bit
CODER (1:2)
456
bit
ZTE University
CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
• Interleaving technique is adopted, by which the

continuous bits in an information block are segmented
and transmitted individually according to certain rules.
• The original continuous block in the transmission

process becomes discontinuous, forming a group of
interwoven message transmitting blocks, which are to
be recovered (de-interleaving) into the original
information blocks at the receiving end.
ZTE University
CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Block A Block B Block A+1 Block B+1

456 bit 456 bit 456 bit 456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Odd N+6
Odd N+4 Even N Odd N+5 Even N+1 Even N+2 Odd N+7 Even N+3
57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1
116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block
ZTE University
DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION
DTX
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.
1) Lower the total interference level in the air
2) Save transmitter power.
The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since
the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.
ZTE University
TIMING ADVANCE
TA
Signals sent by a base station on the broadcasting channel
help mobile stations to synchronize with the base station.
After connection is set up between a mobile station and
the base station, the base station will make continuous
tests, and provide the time advance (TA) on the SACCH
channel to all mobile stations twice every second
according to the BS-MS-BS broadcasting delay. Mobile
stations will make self-adaptive frame adjustment
according to time advance so that the time of mobile
station transmission to the base station matches that of
base station reception.
ZTE University
FREQUENCY HOPPING (1)
• Frequency hopping refers to the hopping of carrier wave

frequencies according to a certain sequence in a very
wide frequency range.
• Frequency hopping is used to avoid external interference.

In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce co-
channel interference and frequency selective fading effect
by converting frequencies to an extent that interference
cannot catch up with
• There are two frequency hopping modes: base band

frequency hopping and synthesized hopping.
ZTE University
ZTE University

01) GSM System Survey

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01) GSM System Survey

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• To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile

• To understand the entities that made up GSM

• To know the principles and services that make up

•Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it

• The main goal of mobile communication is to realize

STAGES OF PUBLIC LAND MOBILE

• No public air interface between various systems

1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION

GROUPE SPECIALE MOBILE

GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE

3. Strong Anti-Interference Capability

6. Interconnection with other networks

DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION

IMT 2000 MAIN FEATURES

• Multiple System Inter-operability

Bit rate 2 Mb/s

LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION

BTS Qx PSTN / PLMN /

GSM NETWORK ENTITIES

• BSS: Base Station Subsystem

GSM NETWORK ENTITIES

MOBILE STATION (MS)

• Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber

MOBILE STATION (MS)

MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION

NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM

NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

1. Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)

• The core of GSM Network which provides

• MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber

• Dynamic subscriber database

• Stores all related information of mobile

• Obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR

• Stores authentication information and encryption

• Mobile operators used EIR information the

WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE

PLMN Service Area

BS Interface Ater Interface A Interface

TC: TransCoder BIE: Base station Interface

• Radio transmission part of the Base Station

• Performs the switching function of BSS

1. Manages radio network and resources

• Performs transcoding and rate adaptation

• TC completes voice conversion between the

• ZXG10-TC is located between MSC and BSC.

MS BTS BSC MSC

Radio Carrier E1/ T1 E1/ T1

2 KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING

MS BTS/ BSC MSC

• DTAP:transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM)

GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS

TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-

1. Physical Channels – the path used to carry

Broadcast Common Control Dedicated Control

FCCH RACH SDCCH

SCH AGCH SACCH

BCCH PCH FACCH

Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F): total rate is 22.8

Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H): total rate is 11.4

There are three categories of control channels:

1. Broadcast Channel (BCH)

a.FCCH: frequency correction channel, carrying information used

Grade of Service （ GOS ）： GOS refers to