Analysis of Sections

Shear
Principal Stress/Strain Trajectories
Shear Failure of Reinforced Concrete
Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete
 EC 2 uses variable strut inclination method for
shear design.
 Result in savings of the amount of shear
reinforcement required.
 Like BS 8110, EC 2 models shear behaviour based
on the well known truss analogy approach in which:
 Concrete acts as the diagonal
struts, DC
 Stirrup acts as the vertical ties, VT
 Tension reinforcement forms the
bottom chord, BT
 Compression steel/concrete
forms the top chord, TC
Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete
 BS 8110 adopt a fixed strut angle  of 45o
 EC 2 adopt strut angle that vary between 21.8o and 45o, it is
this feature which is responsible for possible reductions in
the amount of shear reinforcement.
 It can be seen that for a design
shear strength V, EC 2
generally requires fewer links
than BS 8110.
 It should be noted that,
reduced strut angle also results
in a simultaneous increase in
tensile force along the bottom
chord.
 This requires that the longitudinal reinforcement extends
further in the span than required for bending alone.
Any potential savings in the amount of shear reinforcement
has to be offset against increases in the amount of longitudinal
Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete
 EC 2 identities four basic shear forces for design
purposes, namely VEd, VRd,c, VRd,max and VRd,s
 VEd is the design shear force and is a function of
the applied loading.
 It is normally determined at a distance d from the
face of support.
Shear Strength of Concrete
 Concrete shear strength (Cl. 6.2.2)
 VRd,c is the design shear resistance of the member
without shear reinforcement
 VRd,c = [CRd,ck(100lfck)1/3 + klcp]bwd ≥ (min + klcp)
bw d Asl = area of the tensile
reinforcement, which extends ≥ (lbd +
 where: d) beyond the section considered.
CRd,c = 0.18/c
bw = width of the cross section in
the tensile area
min = 0.035k3/2fck1/2
k=
kl = 0.15
cp = NEd/Ac  0.2fcd
l = NEd = axial force in the cross section
Ac = cross-sectional area of
concrete
Shear Strength of Concrete
 If VEd  VRd,c no shear reinforcement is required,
except possibly in beam where minimum shear
link is required.
 The minimum shear reinforcement ratio w is
obtained from:

 where:
Asw = area of shear reinforcement
s = spacing of shear reinforcement
bw = breadth of the member
 = angle of shear reinforcement
w,min = minimum area of shear reinforcement,
Maximum Concrete Strut Capacity
 However if VEd  VRd,c, shear failure may occur (as
a result of either diagonal compression strut
failure or diagonal tension failure) and shear
reinforcement must be provided.
 All shear will be resisted by the shear
reinforcement without the contribution of
concrete.
 To ensure diagonal compression strut failure will
not occur, check on the concrete strut capacity
V Rd,max is required:
where:
z = 0.9d
cw = 1.0 for non-prestressed structures or structures subjected to
tension.
fcd = ccfck/m = fck/1.5 (for fck ≤ 50 N/mm2) where cc = 1.0 is used here.
1 = 0.6(1 – fck/250) for fck ≤ 50 N/mm2
Maximum Concrete Strut Capacity

 To ensure that there is no crushing of the diagonal

compression strut: VRd,max ≥ VEd
 According to EC 2, the strut angle (and hence the
strut capacity) is not unique but can vary between
cot  = 2.5 (21.8o) and cot  = 1.0 (45o),
depending on the value of the applied shear.
 With cot  = 2.5
 With cot  = 1.0
Maximum Concrete Strut Capacity
 To calculate the minimum strut angle for a given
value of applied shear,

 Subject to the condition that cot  lies between

1.0 and 2.5.
Shear Reinforcement (Stirrups)
 Provided VEd ≤ VRd,max, the area of shear
reinforcement can be calculated from the following
expression
 By equating VEd = VRd,s

 where:
VRd,s = shear resistance of the member governed by
yielding of stirrups.
Asw = area of shear reinforcement.
s = spacing of shear reinforcement.
fywd = design yield strength of shear reinforcement,
taken as fyk/s = fyk/1.15 = 0.87fyk
Additional Longitudinal Force
 This additional longitudinal tensile force Ftd is caused by
the horizontal force component of the compressive force
along the inclined concrete strut.
 Longitudinal component of the force in the compressive
strut is given by (VEd/sin).cos = VEdcot
 Assume that half of this force acts in the bottom chord, the
additional tensile force present along the longitudinal
reinforcement Ftd is given by:
Ftd = 0.5VEdcot
 Need to provide additional reinforcement than that required
to resist flexure. May easily be satisfied by extending
further the longitudinal steel than required for flexure
alone.
 Total tensile force in the tension reinforcement Fs is given
by Fs = MEd/z + Ftd ≤ MEd,max
Shear Design Procedure
1) Calculate the design shear force, VEd
2) Determine the design shear resistance of the
member without shear reinforcement VRd,c
3) If VEd  VRd,c, then shear reinforcement is not
required, except in beams where a minimum
area of shear reinforcement must be provided.
4) If VEd  VRd,c, then shear reinforcement is required,
and all the shear force must be resisted by the
shear reinforcement.
5) Check whether VEd  VRd,max(21,8), where
Shear Design Procedure
6) If so, then the area of shear reinforcement can
be determined from

7) If VEd  VRd,max(21,8), then a larger strut angle  may

be used.
8) Maximum allowable value of  is 45o (cot  =
1.0).
9) Minimum strut angle for a given design shear
force VEd, can be determined from
Shear Design Procedure
10) Strut angle  calculated in
step (9) is then apply in step
(6) to determine the area of
shear reinforcement.
11) If the strut angle   45o,
then a deeper concrete
section or higher grade of
concrete may be provided.
12) Repeat steps (2)-(10)
Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete
 Example 1
 Design the shear reinforcement for the beam in
Example 4 of singly reinforced section lecture
notes.
 Material strength: fyk = 500 N/mm2 and fck = 25
N/mm2 275
qk = 8 kN/m

gk = 12 kN/m
450

7m
Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete
 Example 2
 Design the shear reinforcement for the beam
shown below.
 Material strength: fyk = 500 N/mm2 and fck = 25
N/mm2 450
d kN 300

500
4H25