Chapter 3 Movement of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane

Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances
Across The Plasma Membrane
3.1 Movement Across The Plasma Membrane
ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma Membrane
Movement Across The Plasma

Membrane
Substances required by cell are nutrients and oxygen.
Metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide have to be eliminated from

cells.
Concentration of ion inside cell must be different than outside cell.
To maintain these concentrations, cells must allow required

substances from surrounding to enter and waste products to leave.
Movement of substances in and out of cells is regulated by plasma

membrane.
Plasma membrane also helps to maintain a constant cellular

environment (homeostasis).

Bab 3 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi

Membran Plasma
Bahan yang diperlukan oleh sel adalah nutrien dan oksigen.
Bahan buangan metabolik seperti karbon dioksida perlu disingkir

daripada sel.
Kepekatan di dalam sel mestilah berbeza daripada di luar sel.
Untuk mengekalkan kepekatan ini, sel perlu membenarkan bahan

yang diperlukan daripada persekitaran untuk memasuki sel dan
bahan buangan keluar daripada sel.
Pergerakan bahan masuk dan keluar daripada sel dikawal oleh
membran plasma.
Membran plasma turut membantu mengekalkan persekitaran

malar sel (homeostasis).
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The Structure Of The Plasma Membrane
glycoprotein
pore
phospholipid
bilayer
carrier protein
pore protein non-polar

tails phospholipid
cholesterol
polar head

Struktur Membran Plasma
glikoprotein
liang
dwilapisan
fosfolipid
protein pembawa
liang protein ekor bukan

polar fosfolipid
kolesterol
kepala polar

The Permeability Of The Plasma

Membrane
Plasma membrane is semi-permeable.
Factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through plasma

membrane are size and polarity of molecule.
Pore proteins allow small water-soluble molecules and ion to pass through.
Carrier proteins only allow larger uncharged polar molecules to pass

through.

Menghargai Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma
Ketelapan Membran Plasma
Membran plasma adalah separa telap.
Faktor yang menentukan sesuatu molekul dapat merentasi membran

plasma adalah saiz dan kekutuban molekul.
Liang protein hanya membenarkan molekul kecil yang larut air dan ion untuk
merentasi membran plasma.
Protein pembawa hanya membenarkan molekul besar berkutub yang tidak

mempunyai cas untuk merentasi membran.

The Movement Of The Substances
• Lipid-soluble molecules: Fatty

Substances that acids and glycerol. • Hydrophobic tails
can pass through prevent polar
• Non-polar molecules : O2 and molecule from
CO2 passing through.
• Water (polar
molecule) can
pass through
Substances that • Large water-soluble molecules: plasma
can’t pass through glucose and amino acid. membrane since
its small in size.

Pergerakan Bahan
• Molekul lipid terlarut: asid lemak • Ekor hidrofobik

Bahan yang dapat dan gliserol. menghalang
merentasi membran • Molekul bukan polar: O2 dan molekul berpolar
CO2 daripada
merentasi
membran.
• Air (molekul
berpolar) dapat
Bahan yang tidak merentasi
• Molekul besar larut air: glukosa
dapat merentasi membran kerana
dan asid amino.
membran saiznya yang
kecil.

Passive
Passive Transport
Transport
• Movement of substances across plasma membrane

without using energy.
• Example : Gaseous exchange in alveolus and blood

capillary.
3 Types Of Passive
Transport
Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Pengangkutan
Pengangkutan Pasif
Pasif
• Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma tanpa

menggunakan tenaga.
• Contoh : Pertukaran gas di dalam alveolus dan kapilari

darah.
3 Jenis Pengangkutan
Pasif
Resapan ringkas Osmosis Resapan berbantu

Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
Net movement
Net movement of of molecules
molecules or
or ion
ion from
from region
region of
of higher
higher
concentration to
concentration to region
region of
of lower
lower concentration
concentration until
until an
an
equilibrium is
equilibrium is achieve.
achieve.
Dynamic equilibrium is where concentration gradient no

longer exists.

Pengangkutan Pasif
Resapan Ringkas
Resapan Ringkas
Pergerakan bersih
Pergerakan bersih molekul
molekul atau
atau ion
ion daripada
daripada kawasan
kawasan
berkepekatan tinggi
berkepekatan tinggi ke
ke kawasan
kawasan berkepekatan
berkepekatan rendah
rendah
sehingga keseimbangan
sehingga keseimbangan dicapai.
dicapai.
Keseimbangan dinamik adalah apabila kecerunan

kepekatan tidak lagi wujud.

Passive Transport
Osmosis : The Diffusion Of Water
Water molecules:
Solute:
• Net movement of water molecules from low solute concentration region to high
solute concentration region through semi-permeable membrane.
• High water concentration = low concentration of solute in water.
• Semi-permeable membrane - permeable to water but not to solutes like

sucrose
• Essential because cells need adequate water to function well.

Pengangkutan Pasif
Osmosis : Resapan Air
Molekul air:
Bahan larut:
• Pergerakan bersih molekul air daripada kawasan berkepekatan bahan laut

rendah ke kawasan berkepekatan bahan larut tinggi melalui membran separa
telap.
• Kepekatan air tinggi = kepekatan bahan larut rendah.
• Membran separa telap- Telap kepada air tetapi tidak kepada bahan larut
seperti sukrosa.
• Penting kerana sel memerlukan air yang cukup untuk berfungsi dengan baik.

Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
•• Movement
Movement of of substances
substances across
across plasma
plasma membrane
membrane with
with aid
aid of
of
carrier
carrier proteins
proteins and
and pore
pore proteins
proteins following
following concentration
concentration gradient.
gradient.
•• Ions,
Ions, nucleic
nucleic acids,
acids, amino
amino acidsacids and
and glucose
glucose can
can pass
pass through
through
plasma
plasma membrane
membrane byby facilitated
facilitated diffusion.
diffusion.

Pengangkutan Pasif
Resapan berbantu
•• Pergerakan
Pergerakan bahan
bahan merentasi
merentasi membran
membran plasma
plasma dengan
dengan bantuan
bantuan
protein
protein pembawa
pembawa dan
dan liang
liang protein
protein mengikut
mengikut kecerunan
kecerunan kepekatan.
kepekatan.
•• Ion,
Ion, asid
asid nukleik,
nukleik, asid
asid amino
amino dan
dan glukosa
glukosa dapat
dapat merentasi
merentasi membran
membran
plasma
plasma melalui
melalui resapan
resapan berbantu.
berbantu.

Facilitated Diffusion - Carrier Protein
Outside of cell
Glucose
Inside of cell
Carrier protein binds Carrier protein is then After that, carrier

with glucose changes shape to protein assist passage
molecules. allow molecules to of another glucose
pass through. molecules.

Resapan berbantu– Protein Pembawa
Di luar sel
Glukosa
Di dalam sel
Protein pembawa Protein pembawa Selepas itu, protein

melekat kepada kemudiannya berubah pembawa membantu
molekul glukosa. bentuk untuk laluan molekul glukosa
membolehkan molekul yang lain.
merentasinya.

Facilitated Diffusion - Pore Protein

Facilitated Diffusion - Pore Protein
Pore protein
Cell
membrane
• Pore proteins form pores or channels.
• Pores have specified interior characteristics that only have allow specified
ions to pass through.

Resapan Berbantu- Liang Protein

Resapan Berbantu- Liang Protein
Liang protein
Membran sel
• Liang protein membentuk liang atau saluran.
• Liang mempunyai ciri dalaman khusus yang hanya membenarkan ion

tertentu melaluinya.

Active Transport
Movement of molecules or ions against concentration

gradient across plasma membrane.
Require carrier protein and energy.
Energy comes from ATP generated during respiration in

mitochondria.

Pengangkutan Aktif
Pergerakan molekul atau ion menentang kecerunan

kepekatan merentasi membran plasma.
Memerlukan protein pembawa dan tenaga.
Tenaga didapati daripada ATP yang dihasilkan sewaktu

respirasi di dalam mitokondrion.

The Mechanism Of Active Transport For

Sodium Ions
Carrier
protein Na+
Na+
Na+
Carrier protein has an Carrier protein Solute is moved
active site to bind with changes shape when across membrane.
molecule and another phosphate group from
active site to bind with ATP molecule bind to
ATP. it.

Mekanisme Pengangkutan Aktif Bagi Ion

Natrium
Protein
pembawa Na+
Na+
Na+
Protein pembawa Protein pembawa Bahan larut bergerak
mempunyai tapak aktif mengubah bentuknya merentasi membran.
untuk perlekatan apabila kumpulan
dengan molekul dan fosfat daripada
tapak aktif lain untuk molekul ATP melekat
perlekatan dengan kepadanya.
ATP.

Active Transport For Sodium - Potassium Ion In Animal Cells
Carrier protein often Concentration of K+ Sodium-potassium

called pumps. inside cell is higher pumps help to
than concentration maintain concentration
outside cell while gradient by pumping
concentration of Na+ Na+ out of cell and K+
is vice versa. into cell.

Pengangkutan Aktif Ion Natrium-Kalium Dalam Sel Haiwan
Protein pembawa Kepekatan ion K+ di Pam natrium-kalium

selalu dipanggil pam. dalam sel adalah lebih membantu
tinggi berbanding mengekalkan
kepekatan di luar sel kecerunan kepekatan
sementara kepekatan dengan mengepam
ion Na+ adalah ion Na+ ke luar sel
sebaliknya. dan ion K+ ke dalam
sel.

Comparison Between Passive Transport And Active Transport
Passive Transport Active Transport

Concentration Against concentration
Follow concentration gradient
gradient gradient
Does not expend energy Energy Need to expend energy
Take place in living cells or

Condition Take place in living cells
non-living cells
Active
Passive transport transport
Diffusion
Facilitated
diffusion

Perbezaan Antara Pengangkutan Pasif dan Pengangkutan Aktif
Pengangkutan Pasif Pengangkutan Aktif

Mengikut kecerunan Kecerunan Melawan kecerunan
kepekatan kepekatan kepekatan
Tidak menggunakan tenaga Tenaga Perlu menggunakan tenaga
Berlaku dalam sel hidup dan

Keadaan Berlaku dalam sel hidup
sel bukan hidup
Pengangkutan Pengangkutan
pasif aktif
Resapan
Resapan
berbantu

3.2 Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In

Everyday Life

Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane In Everyday Life
Hypotonic, Hypertonic And Isotonic

Solution
• Hypotonic solution is when concentration of solution is lower than

cell.
• Hypertonic solution is solution with higher concentration of solutes

than cell.
• Isotonic solution is solution with equal solute concentration.

Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian
Larutan Hipotonik, Hipertonik dan

Isotonik
• Larutan hipotonik adalah apabila kepekatan larutan kurang

daripada sel.
• Larutan hipertonik ialah larutan dengan kepekatan yang lebih

tinggi berbanding sel.
• Larutan isotonik ialah larutan yang mempunyai kepekatan yang

sama dengan sel.

The Effect Of Hypotonic Solution
On Plant Cell On Animal Cell

Water enters large centre Water enters cell and
vacuole by osmosis causes causes it to swell up and
it to expand, swell up and eventually to burst.
becomes turgid.
Rigid cell wall prevents cell Red blood cells will undergo
from bursting. haemolysis.
water
water molecules
molecules
vacuole fills
with water
and expands
water water
molecules molecules
When immersed in distilled water When immersed in distilled water

Kesan Larutan Hipotonik
Ke atas sel tumbuhan Ke atas sel haiwan

Air memasuki bahagian Air memasuki sel
tengah vakuol besar secara menyebabkannya
osmosis menyebabkannya membengkak dan akhirnya
kembang, bengkak dan pecah.
menjadi segah.
Sel darah merah akan
Dinding sel yang tegar mengalami hemolisis.
menghalang sel daripada
pecah. molekul air
molekul air
Vakuol
dipenuhi
dengan air dan
mengembang
molekul air molekul air
Apabila direndam dalam air suling Apabila direndam dalam air suling

The Effect Of Hypertonic Solution
Cell undergoes plasmolysis. Red blood cell undergoes

crenation
Cells become flaccid, Blood cell shrivel and
causing the plant to wilt. plasma membrane crinkle
Vacuole up.
shrinks Cell wall
When immersed in 30% sucrose When immersed in 4% sodium

solution chloride solution

Kesan Larutan Hipertonik
Ke atas Sel Tumbuhan Ke atas Sel Haiwan
Sel mengalami plasmolisis Sel darah merah mengalami

krenasi
Sel menjadi flasid,
menyebabkan tumbuhan Sel darah mengecut dan
menjadi layu. membran plasma berkedut
Dinding
Vakuol mengecut sel
Apabila direndam di dalam larutan Apabila direndam di dalam larutan

sukrosa 30% natrium klorida 4%

The Effect Of Isotonic Solution
Water diffuses into and out Net movement of water is

of cell at equal rate. zero.
The cell retains its normal There is no change in the

shape. size of cell
Water
molecules move
at the same rate
in both
directions
When immersed in 5% sucrose When immersed in 0.85% sodium
solution chloride solution

Kesan Larutan Isotonik
Ke atas Sel Tumbuhan Ke atas Sel Haiwan
Air masuk dan keluar Pergerakan bersih air

daripada sel pada kadar adalah sifar.
yang sama. Tiada perubahan pada saiz
Sel mengekalkan bentuk sel.
asalnya.
Molekul air
bergerak pada
kadar sama di
kedua-dua arah
Apabila direndam di dalam larutan Apabila direndam di dalam larutan

sukrosa 5% natrium klorida 0.85%

Excessive use of fertiliser causes plant to wilt.
Potassium nitrate cause soil to turn hypertonic to

plant cell when dissolved in soil water.
The Phenomenon
Of Wilting In
Plants Therefore, water diffuses from cell sap into the
soil by osmosis and plasmolysis occur.
Lack of water in soil also causes plant to wilt.
Soil water becomes more concentrated. Plant

loses water and cells become plasmolysed.

Penggunaan baja berlebihan menyebabkan

tumbuhan menjadi layu.
Kalium nitrat menyebabkan tanah menjadi

hipertonik terhadap sel tumbuhan bila dilarutkan
Fenomena Layu dalam air.
Pada
Tumbuhan Dengan itu, air akan meresap keluar daripada sap
sel ke tanah secara osmosis dan plasmolisis
berlaku.
Kekurangan air dalam tanah juga menyebabkan
tumbuhan layu.
Air tanah yang tinggal menjadi lebih pekat.

Tumbuhan akan kehilangan air dan sel
mengalami plasmolisis.

The Preservation Of Food
• Preservatives cause solution outside the food more

hypertonic than the food.
• This causes water to move out of the food by osmosis.
• Cells in the food substances lose water
• These are not conducive to the growth of

microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and will
eventually die.
• Thus, food can last longer.

Pengawetan Makanan
• Pengawet menjadikan larutan yang berada di luar

makanan lebih hipertonik berbanding makanan itu
sendiri.
• Ini menyebabkan air meninggalkan makanan secara

osmosis.
• Sel dalam bahan makanan menjadi terhidrat.
• Keadaan ini tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan

mikroorganisma seperti bakteria serta kulat dan
akhirnya mati.
• Hasilnya, makanan tahan lebih lama.

3.3 Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across The

Plasma Membrane

Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane
Appreciating The Movement Of Substances Across

The Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane function as a barrier between contents of cell

and external environment.
Crucial processes in the cells cannot be carried out if there is any

flaw in plasma membrane.
Proper functioning of plasma membrane is important:

- To remove toxic substance
- To obtain certain food supplies for energy and raw materials.
Good function of plasma membrane can be maintained by taking

care of our food and water intake.

Membran plasma berfungsi sebagai halangan antara kandungan sel

dan persekitaran luaran.
Proses penting di dalam sel tidak dapat dilakukan sekiranya

terdapat sebarang kecacatan pada membran plasma.
Membran plasma harus berfungsi dengan baik:

- Untuk membuang bahan bertoksik.
- Untuk mendapatkan bekalan bahan makanan untuk tenaga.
Fungsi membran plasma dapat dikekalkan dengan menjaga

pengambilan makanan dan air kita.

Chapter 3 Movement of Substances Across The Plasma Membrane

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Chapter 3 Movement Of Substances

Across The Plasma Membrane

3.1 Movement Across The Plasma Membrane

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Movement Across The Plasma

Substances required by cell are nutrients and oxygen.

Metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide have to be eliminated from

Concentration of ion inside cell must be different than outside cell.

To maintain these concentrations, cells must allow required

Movement of substances in and out of cells is regulated by plasma

Plasma membrane also helps to maintain a constant cellular

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi

Bahan yang diperlukan oleh sel adalah nutrien dan oksigen.

Bahan buangan metabolik seperti karbon dioksida perlu disingkir

Kepekatan di dalam sel mestilah berbeza daripada di luar sel.

Untuk mengekalkan kepekatan ini, sel perlu membenarkan bahan

Membran plasma turut membantu mengekalkan persekitaran

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The Structure Of The Plasma Membrane

pore protein non-polar

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Struktur Membran Plasma

liang protein ekor bukan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The Permeability Of The Plasma

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable.

Factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through plasma

Carrier proteins only allow larger uncharged polar molecules to pass

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Ketelapan Membran Plasma

Membran plasma adalah separa telap.

Faktor yang menentukan sesuatu molekul dapat merentasi membran

Protein pembawa hanya membenarkan molekul besar berkutub yang tidak

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The Movement Of The Substances

• Lipid-soluble molecules: Fatty

ITeach – Biology Form 4

• Molekul lipid terlarut: asid lemak • Ekor hidrofobik

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

• Movement of substances across plasma membrane

• Example : Gaseous exchange in alveolus and blood

Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

ITeach – Biology Form 4

• Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma tanpa

• Contoh : Pertukaran gas di dalam alveolus dan kapilari

Resapan ringkas Osmosis Resapan berbantu

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Dynamic equilibrium is where concentration gradient no

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Keseimbangan dinamik adalah apabila kecerunan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Osmosis : The Diffusion Of Water

• High water concentration = low concentration of solute in water.

• Semi-permeable membrane - permeable to water but not to solutes like

• Essential because cells need adequate water to function well.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Osmosis : Resapan Air

• Pergerakan bersih molekul air daripada kawasan berkepekatan bahan laut

• Kepekatan air tinggi = kepekatan bahan larut rendah.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

ITeach – Biology Form 4

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4