Infants and babies

and toddlers! Oh, my!

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Newborns
> Reflexes
> Crucial for survival
> Evoke adult attention
> Pediatricians check
reflexes carefully, because
weak or extremely rigid
reflexes can indicate brain
damage

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Newborn Reflexes
> What are some of the reflexes?
> Rooting
> Sucking
> Swimming (should NOT be
tested at home, for safety
reasons)
> Moro
> Palmer grasp
> Stepping
> Babinski

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Development occurs in three domains
Physical

Cognitive

Social/Emotional

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Brain Development

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Infant - Physical
> Brain development
> Has 100 – 200 billion neurons (nerve
cells)
> Gaps between them are called
synapses
> Neurons that are used survive; others
are pruned
> Appropriate stimulation is what causes
neurons to be used
> Stimulate by talking, listening, singing, dancing,
moving, questioning, showing, allowing
exploration Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 7
Physical Development Trend
Cephalocaudal

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Physical Development Trend
Proximodistal

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What happens when babies grow?
> By the end of first year
> Height is more than 50% greater than at birth
> Body is more plump by six months than at birth
> Ethnic and gender differences are noted
> Teeth appear
> By the end of the second year
> Height is more than 75% greater than at birth
> Weight has quadrupled since birth

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Infant – Physical Milestones

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Infant – Motor Development
Gross Motor Development Fine Motor Development

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Infant Attachment
• Infants need warm, nurturing, responsive care
• Babies who receive this type of attention become securely attached to
parent and/or caretaker

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Infant Emotional Development
> Basic emotions – universal to humans
> Happiness
> Interest
> Surprise
> Fear
> Anger
> Sadness
> Disgust

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Infant - Cognitive
Memory

Attention

Language

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Toddler - Physical

Gross motor development

Fine motor
development

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Toddler – Social/Emotional

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Toddler – Cognitive

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Infant Development
Check for understanding.

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Infant and Toddler Self-Regulation
Strategies we use to adjust our
emotional state to a
comfortable level. Impulse
control is part of this.

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Temperament
> Early appearing
> Stable differences in our
reactivity and self-regulation
> Set of inborn biological
characteristics that shape how we
experience and approach the
world.

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Temperament
• What makes up a child’s temperament (1:03)
• Temperament traits (10:00)
• Things to remember (2:39)

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Influence of family and society

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Optimizing development, including special needs
• LRE – least
restrictive
environment
• Inclusive
classrooms
• Learning
disabilities

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Techniques to promote health and safety
> Watchful, attentive care
> Shaken Baby Syndrome (web site)
> Never, never shake a baby! You can cause brain injury or death
> Well-baby care and medical attention
> SIDS (article)
> Back to sleep (1:08 minute video)
> Safe sleep for babies (12:38 minute video)
> Tummy time (news article)

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Developmentally appropriate guidance
techniques
• Infants should never be punished
• Toddlers can be guided in order to help correct behaviors

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Babysitting
Check your knowledge.
Complete the babysitting jigsaw puzzle.

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References
• Technology
> A Minute for Kids: Back to Sleep. (2011). American Academy of Pediatrics video.
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/pages/Back-to- Sleep.aspx?nfstatus
=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000- 0000000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token
> Safe Sleep for Babies. (2010). American Academy of Pediatrics video.
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety- prevention/at-home/pages/Safe-Sleep-for-Babies.aspx
> Sullivan, R. (2012). Attachment learning. Child Mind Institute YouTube video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu4LnZI3G1s
> Temperament traits. (2012). K E R A –T V. http://kera- kids.kera-interactive.org/ready-forlife
/teachers/temperament/temperament-videos/temperament-traits/

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References
Technology
> The role of attachment in infancy on later mental and physical health outcomes. (2012). YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bul1meciGE
> Tummy Time (2010). https://www.babycenter.com/2_tummy-time-why-and-how-to-do-it_10382139.bc
> What makes up a child’s temperament? (2012). KERA-TV. http://kera- kids.kera-interactive.org/ready-
forlife/teachers/temperament/temperament-videos/temperament-traits/
> Tummy time video. https://www.babycenter.com/2_tummy-time-why-and-how-to-do-it_10382139.bc
Textbooks
> Berk, L. (2008). Infants and Children. (4th ed). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
> Dacey, J., Travers, J., Fiore, L. (2009). Human development across the lifespan. (7th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-
Hill Companies.
Websites
> A Guide to the Business of Babysitting: Jigsaw Puzzle. (2013). University of Illinois Extension.
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/babysitting/puzzle/index.html
> Best Beginnings: School Readiness – Birth Through Five. (2001). http://www.bestbeginnings.us/

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References
Websites
> Brainy Quotes (2012.) https://www.brainyquote.com/
> Growth and Development Downloads. (2013). Center for Disease Control.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/downloads.html
> Healthy Minds: Nurturing Your Child’s Healthy Development. (2003).
http://www.zerotothree.org/child- development/brain-development/healthy- minds.html

> Images (2013). Microsoft Office Images.

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/images/??Origin=EC790014051033&CTT=6&ver=12&app=powerpnt.exe
> Infant and Toddler Development Online Courses. (2011). Texas AgriLife Extension, Texas A&M University
System. https://extensiononline.tamu.edu/online_course_material/Course320/file/playforstaffscript.pdf
> Mayo Clinic. (2012). Language acquisition.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/language-development/art-2
0045163

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