Colorful tropical fish swim through

warm water around a coral reef. The fish

are part of the coral reef ecosystem.
Beautiful orchids grow on trees that
tower above the rain forest floor. The
orchids and the trees are part of the rain
forest ecosystem. A hawk swoops down
on a rabbit hopping through the tall grass
of a prairie. The hawk, rabbit, and grass
are part of the prairie ecosystem.
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is all the living and
non-living things in a certain area. All
the plants and animals, even the
microorganisms that live in the soil,
are living parts of an ecosystem. Air,
water, and rocks are non-living parts
of an ecosystem.
 Chapter 2
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is an
integrated unit
consisting of living
organisms –bacteria,
and the physical
environment-air,
soil, water, and
climate-that they
organisms and their
environment:
a localized group of
interdependent organisms
together with the environment
that they inhabit and depend on
Biosphere is made up of large areas
called biomes. Land biomes include
grasslands, deserts, coniferous
forests (forests of cone-bearing trees),
deciduous forests (forests of trees
that shed their leaves), and tropical
rain forests. There are also biomes in
bodies of water, such as the ocean.
Biome major ecological community:
a division of the world's vegetation that
corresponds to a defined climate and is
characterized by specific types of plants
and animals, e.g. tropical rain forest or
desert. The world's lakes and oceans
may also be considered biomes, although
they are less susceptible to climatic
influences than terrestrial biomes.
Biomes are made up of many
ecosystem. The desert biome, for
example, covers all the deserts of
the world. Each individual desert
is an ecosystem. The Mojave
Desert in California is a desert
ecosystem.
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Sahara Desert
A desert is a type
of ecosystem that
receives very little
rainfall. The
Sahara, in
northern Africa, is
the largest desert
in the world.
 Coral Reef in
the Red Sea
Coral reefs represent the most complex
aquatic ecosystem found on Earth. Although
coral reefs can be found between 30
degrees north and south latitude, the
greatest concentration is found between 4
degrees north and south latitude in the
western portions of all major oceans. There
are two broad categories of coral reefs:
shelf reefs and oceanic reefs. Shelf reefs
include fringing reefs, platform reefs, bank
reefs, and barrier reefs and are located on
the continental shelf, while oceanic reefs are
found off the continental shelf growing
around the margins of volcanic islands. Coral
reefs support greater numbers of fish and
invertebrate species than any other
ecosystem in the ocean.
 Coral Reef in the Red Sea
Coral reefs represent the most complex aquatic ecosystem
found on Earth. Although coral reefs can be found between 30
degrees north and south latitude, the greatest concentration is
found between 4 degrees north and south latitude in the
western portions of all major oceans. There are two broad
categories of coral reefs: shelf reefs and oceanic reefs. Shelf
reefs include fringing reefs, platform reefs, bank reefs, and
barrier reefs and are located on the continental shelf, while
oceanic reefs are found off the continental shelf growing around
the margins of volcanic islands. Coral reefs support greater
numbers of fish and invertebrate species than any other
ecosystem in the ocean.
Wetland
 Wetland
Wetlands are complex ecosystems that
provide spawning and nursery grounds for
saltwater and freshwater fish, habitat for
more than half of the migratory birds in the
United States, and plants both exotic and
commonplace. In addition to providing plant
and animal habitat, wetlands play a crucial
role in flood control and water filtration.
Decomposers
Decomposers include
worms, mushrooms, and
microscopic bacteria.
These organisms break
down dead plants and
animals into the
nutrients needed by
plants to survive.
 Primary Producers
Plants are primary producers.
All life in an ecosystem
depends on primary producers
to capture energy from the
Sun, convert it to food that is
stored in plant cells, and pass
this energy on to organisms
that eat plants.
 Primary Consumers
Primary consumers are animals that feed
on plants. This group includes some
insects, seed- and fruit-eating birds,
rodents, and larger animals that graze on
vegetation, such as deer. When primary
consumers eat primary producers
(plants), the energy in plant cells changes
into a form that can be stored in animal
cells.
 Secondary Consumers
Secondary consumers are a diverse group
of animals—some eat primary consumers
and some eat other secondary
consumers. Those animals that eat
smaller primary consumers include frogs,
snakes, foxes, and spiders. Animals that
eat secondary consumers include hawks,
wolves, and lions.
Arctic Iceberg
Caribou Calves & Polar Bear
You might think that the Arctic
would be a terrible place to live. For
most of the year, there is nothing
but ice and cold weather. A polar
bear thinks the Arctic is the perfect
place to live. That’s because the
Arctic is the polar bear’s natural
You might think that a tropical island is
a wonderful place to be. However, a
polar bear would die on a tropical
island. The bear would not be able to
find its favorite food—seals—in the
warm waters. The bear’s layer of fat
and thick, white fur would make the
bear too hot. A tropical island is the
natural habitat for palm trees and
Orangutan in a Tropical Rain Forest

 The reddish-brown
orangutan lives in the
rain forests of Southeast
Asia. Orangutans are in
danger of dying out
because people are
destroying their tropical
rain forest habitat.
What is a Habitat?
A habitat is a place where a
plant or animal normally
lives. Fish live in water. Perch
are fish that live in
freshwater habitats. Sharks
are fish that live in saltwater
Camels in the Desert
Deserts are the natural
habitats of camels.
Camels like to live in
hot, dry areas and can
go for a long time
without water.
Water Lily
Water lilies grow in
freshwater habitats.
They often float on
the surface of
ponds or lakes.
Pampas Cat
The pampas cat
takes its name
from its favorite
habitat:
South America’s
grassy plains, or
pampas.
Penguins Ride an
Iceberg
The enormous size
of some icebergs
makes them ideal
habitats for
Antarctic penguins.
Grassland Biome
Grassland biomes form the
ecological zone lying between
the deserts and temperate
woodlands. Generally occurring
in the interior of continents,
grasslands are usually
dominated by two or three
species of grasses or sedges.
Grasslands have been
cultivated and used for pasture.
When overexploited, they can
change into either woodlands or
Other animals live on land. Cattle, antelopes, and buffaloes are
animals that live on grasslands. Camels and kangaroo rats like
the blazing hot temperature of deserts. Bats, gorillas, and
elephants thrive in lush, moist rain forests.
Pine trees can live in cold, snowy habitats.
Cactuses can live in hot, dry desert habitats.
Water lilies live in freshwater habitats.
There are many kinds of habitats. Some habitats are along
seashores. Some are high up in mountains or on flat prairies.
Others are in dense forests, in sandy deserts, or in the deep
sea. Different kinds of plants and animals live in different kinds
of habitats.
There are many kinds of habitats. Some
habitats are along seashores. Some are
high up in mountains or on flat prairies.
Others are in dense forests, in sandy
deserts, or in the deep sea. Different
kinds of plants and animals live in
different kinds of habitats.
There are many kinds of habitats.
Some habitats are along
seashores. Some are high up in
mountains or on flat prairies.
Others are in dense forests, in
sandy deserts, or in the deep sea.
Different kinds of plants and
animals live in different kinds of
habitats.
The
End
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