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Miscellaneous Topic II
Separate Matrices and Logic and Symbols functions into two different storyboard
Matrices is a part of ACT but not of SAT. So its better that way,
 Miscellaneous Topic II
Matrices: A matrix is a rectangular
arrangement of numbers into rows and
column.
Example: 3 columns

  4 1 −2
A= 7 5 6 2 Rows

2 ×3 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
 
 Miscellaneous Topic II

Matrix Notation

𝑎1,1 𝑎1 , 2 𝑎 1, 3
 

A=
𝑎2 , 1 𝑎2 , 2 𝑎 2, 3
Adding

 2 4  3 1  5 5
1 6 + 7 −2 = 8 4

These are the calculations:

2+3=5 4+1=5
1+7=8 6+(-2)=4
Note: To add the matrices the two matrices should be of
same size, i.e., the rows and columns must match in size.
Negative of a matrix

4 −3  − 4 3
-  

−9 7 = 9 −7

These are the calculations:

-(4)=4 -(-3)=3
-(-9)=9 -(7)=-7
Subtracting

 4 9  6 8  −2 1
6 11 - 3 −2 = 3 13

These are the calculations:

4-6=-2 9-8=1
6-3=3 11-(-2)=13
Multiplying
Multiplying with a constant:

3
  −2  9 −6
3×
 
−4 9 = −12 27

 
These are the calculations:

Note: Constant is also called as scalar. So, this multiplication is

called scalar multiplication.
 Multiplying
Multiplying with a matrix:
 2 6  59 54
 7−3 4  
× 1 8 = 33 117
6 9 1 12 9

Dot Product: Multiplying the matching members and then adding them.
 
(7, -3, 4).(2, 1, 12) = + + =59

(7, -3, 4).(6, 8, 9) = + + = 54

(6, 9, 1).(2, 1, 12) = + + = 33

(6, 9, 1).(6, 8, 9) = + + =117

Dividing

=  A

 
Where is the inverse of a matrix.

Inverse:
-1
 𝑎 𝑏   1   𝑑 −𝑏
𝑐 𝑑
= 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑎
Inverse
-1
 2 6   1   3 −6
7 3
= 2×3 − 6 ×7 − 7 2

1   3
  −6
= − 36 − 7 2

= − 0.08 0.16

0.19 − 0.05
Identity Matrix
The identity matrix has the same number on the
diagonal places and zeros as the rest of the
elements.

 1 0 0
I= 0 1 0
0 0 1
Transposing
To transpose a matrix, swap the rows and columns.

T
 6 0
6
  8 −7
0 −1 5 = 8 −1
−7 5
 Logic

The statement “If A, then B” does not imply

the statement “if B, then A”.

Example 1: If it is snowing, then it is cold

outside. However, we cannot conclude that
if it is cold outside, then it is snowing.
 Logic

The statement “If A, then B” does not imply

the statement “if B, then A”.

Example 2: If a geometry shape is a square,

then it is a rectangle. However, we cannot
say if a geometry shape is a rectangle, then it
is a square.
 Logic

“If A is true, then B is true” implies that

“If B is false, and then A is false”.

Example 1: If it is snowing, then it is cold

outside. We can conclude that if it is not
cold outside, it must not be snowing.
 Logic

“If A is true, then B is true” implies that

“If B is false, and then A is false”.

Example 2: If a number is divisible by 4,

then it is divisible by 2. This implies that
if a number is not divisible by 2,then it is
not divisible by 4.
 Logic
“If A is true, then B is true” and “If B is true, then C
is true”, we can conclude the following: “If A is
true, then C is true.”

Example: If john receives a grade C and above in

math final exam, then he will pass math class. If he
passes math class, then he can graduate from high
school. This implies that if john receives a grade C
and above in math final exam, then he will graduate.
Example: Mitchell just had a cup of drink from a store that
sells only soda and tea. Which of the following statements
must be true?
a) The cup of drink tea.
b) The cup of drink is not a coke
c) The cup of drink is not green tea
d) The cup of drink is not decaf coffee

Solution:
e) Mitchell may have had a cup of soda FALSE
f) Coke is a type of soda, and is thus a possible drink FALSE
g) Green tea is a type of tea, and is thus a possible drink FALSE
h) The store did not sell coffee. TRUE
A good problem-solving strategy is to list out all the logical statements and check
whether each choice fits the statements.

Example. The graph above shows four labeled colored boxes which are placed in
a row. Each box is painted a different color. There is a red box next to a blue box.
The green box is next to a red box and a yellow box. Which of the labeled boxes
could be painted red?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 2 or 3
Solution: 1 2
Symbol Functions

Example:

1. x y
2. x
 Example
1. If x y is defined by the expression
x(x + y) + y(x - y), what is the value
of 3 2 =?

a) 52
b) 48
c) 20
d) 17
 Example
1. If x y is defined by the expression
x(x + y) + y(x - y), what is the value
Description:
of 3 2 =?
x=3, y=2
a) 52
b) 48 3 2 = 3(3 + 2) + 2(3 - 2)
c) 20 = 15 + 2
d) 17 = 17