Basic Technical Training: Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., LTD

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.
Basic Technical Training
Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

1. Basic Air Conditioning 3. Flow Calculation
1.1 Functions Of Air Conditioning 3.1 Air

Human Comfort Environment Air Balance
Purpose of Air Conditioning Frictional Loss
Indoor and Outdoor Condition The Ductulator
Duct size and Static Pressure
1.2 Methods of Air Conditioning Static Pressure Calculation
AHU - Air Handling Unit Fan Selection
FCU - Fan Coil Unit Fan Performance
DX - Split Unit
PAC - Packaged Unit (Air-cooled / Water-cooled) 3.2 Water
Water Balance
1.3 Psychrometry The Ductulator
Psychrometric Chart Head Calculation
Psychrometric Terms Pump selection
Psychrometric Sample Pipe Pressure
Understanding Psychrometry What is Pressure?
Properties of Air and Water
Heat
Psychrometric Process 4. Automatic Control
Psychrometric Calculation
4.1 Elements of Control
1.4 Ventilation Temperature control
Purpose of Ventilation Humidity control
Fresh Air Requirement Room Pressure control
Ventilation Modes VAV control
Methods of Mechanical Ventilation Supply Water Pressure control
2. Heat Load 5. Conversion Table

2.1 Heat Load Calculation
Heat Source
Unit Heat Load
AHU Selection
Chiller Selection

1. Basic Air Conditioning
1.1 Functions of Air Conditioning - 1
Human Comfort Environment
A human comfort environment can be created by essentially controlling these elements:
Illumination
HUMAN
Air condition COMFORT Human factor
ENVIRONMENT
Others
(noise, vibration,
cleanliness,..etc.)
Air conditioning is only one aspect to artificially create an environment for human occupants and
factory needs.

Purpose of Air Conditioning
• Comfort air conditioning
– to create an environment for human comfort.

e.g. office building, hotel, hospitals, etc.
in some special case for animal breeding room.
• Industrial air conditioning
– to create an environment for production and process needs.

e.g. semiconductor manufacturing, food manufacturing,
pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotech facility, etc.

Indoor and Outdoor Condition
• Comfort air conditioning
A general indoor condition for human comfort:

Dry bulb temperature between 22.5℃ to 25.5℃
Relative Humidity between 50% to 70%
Airflow of not more than 0.25m/s
Fresh air introduction – (refer to requirement in CP13)
Dust – 0.15 mg/m3
Noise & Vibration – (refer to requirement in CP13)
• Industrial air conditioning
The indoor condition will depend on customer requirement of production

and process needs.

Extract from CP13:1999
Table 1 - Outdoor air supply requirement for comfort air-conditioning
Minimum outdoor air supply

Type of building / Occupancy
m 3/h per m 2 floor area
Restaurants 10.0
Dance halls 19.0
Offices 2.3
Shops, supermarkets and department stores 3.6
Lobbies, concourse and corridors 0.9
Classrooms 9.2
Theatres and cinemas 7.3
Factories and workshops:
Light 4.3
Medium 2.6
High 1.3
3
Hotel guest rooms 54 m /h per room
Note: The above table assumes no smok ing in air-conditioned space

The outdoor condition (Singapore) *for design purpose
During the day

Daily ~ Maximum 32.4 ℃ @ 1400 hr
~ Minimum 24.0 ℃ @ 0500 hr
Monthly ~ Maximum 32.4 ℃ @ April

~ Minimum 27.1 ℃ @ December
Average 28.2 ℃
*The design value for outdoor condition ~ 34 ℃ and 65% R.H.

Table 5 - Recommended ambient sound level
Area Low dBA Average dbA High dbA

Cinemas, theatres - 35 40
Private executive type offices 35 40 45
General offices, other private or semi-private offices 40 45 50
Conference rooms 35 40 45
Air-conditioned classrooms 40 45 50
Hotel bedrooms 35 40 45
Hospital wards 35 40 45
Places of public resort e.g. shops 40 50 55
Circulation areas e.g. staircases, lobbies, car parks 50 55 60
Noise and vibration in mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems arise from mechanical
and electrical equipment, and from the flow of water through pipes and the flow of air through ducts
and grilles.

1.2 Methods of Air Conditioning - 1
AHU – AIR HANDLING UNIT
• Main components - Fan, Coil and Filter section

• Heat is conveyed by air
• Cool air is supplied to room by duct
• Air is cooled by passing through coil filled with chilled water
• Handles high air volume, static pressure and cooling capacity
• Ideal for cooling big space
• Requires space for duct, AHU and chiller plant
Chilled
Water
Fresh Air
FAN COIL FILTER

FCU – FAN COIL UNIT
• Main components - Fan, Coil and Filter section

• Heat is conveyed by water
• Cool air is supplied directly into room
• Handles low air volume, static pressure and cooling capacity
• Ideal for cooling individual room or area
• Suitable for removing local heat load e.g. beside window
• Difficult to supply fresh air
• Requires space for chiller plant
Chilled
Water
Fan Coil Fresh Air

Unit
Fan

DX – SPLIT UNIT
• Main components - Fan Coil Unit and Condenser Unit

• Heat is conveyed by refrigerant
• Cool air is supplied directly into room
• Handles low air volume, static pressure and cooling capacity
• Ideal for cooling individual room or area
• Suitable for removing local heat load e.g. beside window
• Difficult to supply fresh air
• Requires outdoor space for condenser unit only
• Does not require chiller plant
Refrigerant Pipe
Fan Coil
(Indoor Unit)
Condenser (Outdoor Unit)

PAC - PACKAGED UNIT (AIR-COOLED / WATER-COOLED)
• Main components - Indoor Unit and Outdoor Unit or Cooling Tower

• Heat is conveyed by condenser water or refrigerant
• Cool air can be supplied directly into the room or through duct.
• Self-contained unit complete with compressor inside unit
• Mid-range application when FCU or AHU is not suitable
• Requires outdoor space for condenser unit or cooling tower
• Additional pump required for water-cooled
• Does not require chiller plant
COOLING
Condenser Water
TOWER
Refrigerant Pipe
CONDENSER (OUTDOOR UNIT)

1.3 Psychrometry - 1
Psychrometry is the study of atmospheric air - that is air and its

associated water vapour.
Dry
DryAir
Air
• The water vapour is completely
Nitrogen
Nitrogen 78%
78%
independent of the gases. The gases’
behaviour is not effected by the Oxygen
Oxygen 21%
21%
vapour’s presence or absence. Other
Othergases
gases 1%
1%
• For any given temperature there is a
maximum amount of water vapour Humid
that can exist. HumidAirAir
Dry
Dryair
air 98%
98%--99%
99%
• With increased temperature there is
Water
Watervapour
vapour 1%
1%--2%
2%
an increase in the amount of water
vapour that can exist.
Atmospheric
AtmosphericPressure
Pressure
Range
Rangeatatsea
sealevel
level 95
95kPa
kPa--105
105kPa
kPa
Standard
Standardatm.
atm.pressure
pressure 101.325
101.325kPa
kPa

Psychrometric Chart
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
39
27
0. 033 38
33
26
37
600
0. 032
650
550
700
25 36
500
0. 031
750
32
35
45
24 0. 030
0
80
34
40
0
0
23 0. 029
85
31
35
0 33
0
90
30 0. 028
0 22
32
250
30
200 0. 027
21 31
150
100
Psychrometric
湿り空気線図 Chart 0. 026
30
29
50 20
0
(Atomospheric
（大気圧　760mmHg） 760mmHg) 0. 025 29
90
-100
-200 19
28
80
0. 024 28
-400
70
-600 18 27
0. 023
27
-1000
60
26
-2000 17 0. 022
-3000
)
50
25
D) A
26
- 6000
- 10000
nce
gD(A
16
iffere
± ∞ 0. 021
Partial Pressure of water vapor h

D
idity l/gk(
100 00 24
(DA)(DA)
Hum ox kcal/kg caal/
k
60 0 0
40
25
alpy uR=aditi/d
40 00 0. 020
3000
Enth cal/k
g ii kkc 15 23
熱水分 i / dx k
2500 比
pyピ
x kg/kg
lル
u=d
0. 019
水　蒸　気　分　圧　　 h mmHg
24
haタ
2000 22
14
tン
湿　度　　　 x kg/kg
1800
1600
1500
Enエ 0. 018 21
23
mmHg
13
1400
絶　対　Humidity
0. 017 20
1300
22
1200 12 19
0. 016
0
21
1.0 110
11 18
Absolute
0. 015
0 20
100 17
0.92
0.9
0 10
95 0. 014
19
16
0
90
0.8 9 18 W湿
et球B 0. 013
15
温u度
lb
0
85
17 t't'℃℃ 0. 012
8 14
16
0.7 13
0. 011
7 15
12
14
t 0. 010
H ea
sibleF r
6 13 11
Se顕n熱比aSH
F cto 12 0. 009
0.6
10
5 11
0. 008
10 9
0.91
4 9
0. 007
8 90 8
7 80
3 6 70 0. 006 7
t℃
5 60
Bulb ｔ℃
0.5 4 6
2 50 0. 005
3
乾球温度
2 40
1
ity φ% 5
度idφ
0 ％ 0. 004
1 30
e対 um
H湿
Relativ相
-1 4
26
Dry
-2
-3 22 0. 003
-4
18 3
14
0. 002 2
10
6 1
0. 001
2
0
0. 000
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
3
Temperature
温度ｔ℃ t ℃ Specific比容積
Volume
　　 vm/kgv(Dm
A) /kg(DA) 3
0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.

Psychrometric Terms
e
urv
nc
o
ati
tur
yit
id
sa
m
Hu
e
t iv
la
Re
Ent
ha l py
Absolute Humidity
We
Dew Point
tB
Dry Bulb
ulb

Psychrometric Sample
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
27 39
0.033 38
26
33
37
600
0.032
650
550
Dry Bulb 22 ℃
700
25
36
0.031
500
750
32
24 35
450
0.030
800
34
0
23
40
85
0.029
31
0
0 90
35 0 33
Relative Humidity 50 %
22 0.028
300
32
30
250 0.027
21
200 31
150
100 Psychrometric
湿り空気線図 Chart 20
0.026
30
29
50
0 (Atomospheric
（大気圧　
760 mmHg） 760mmHg) 0.025 29
90
-100 19
-200
28
80
0.024 28
Absolute Humidity 0.0082Kg/kg (DA) -400 18
70
-600 27
0.023
27
-1000
60
17 26
-2000 0.022
-3000
)
50
25
DA
26
-6000
ce エ 16
feren
-10000
g(
0.021
ン
y Dif
±∞
Partial Pressure of water vapor h

タル /k
midit
10 0 0 0 24
ピ cal
Absolute Humidity x kg/kg (DA)

60 0 0
熱水比uu = atio
40
lpy分H
25
40 0 0 15 0.020
3000 tha R di kg i ikkc
Due Point 11.1℃ En /d 23
caall//kg
xkkc
絶　
2500 a
i / dx py 14 l/kg
u=d al
0.019
水　蒸　
2000
24
対　
1800 h (D 22
nt A)
湿　度　　　x kg/kg (DA)

1600
1500 E 0.018 21
気　分　圧　　h mmHg
23
13
mmHg
1400
1300 0.017 20
22
120 12
0
19
1100 0.016
21
1.0 11
Wet Bulb 15.5 ℃

18
100 20 0.015
10.
0
17
0.92
0.9 950 10
3Kc
0.014
19
900 16
18 We
al/k
9
15.
0.8 0.013
tB
u t'℃
15
85
温度lb t'
g
17
0
(DA 5℃ 湿球 ? 0.012 14
%
16
)
0.7
Enthalpy 10.3Kcal/kg (DA) 50

15 0.011 13
7
14 12
eat
0.010
le H 6 13
nsib r
Se顕
11
0.6 cto
FaSH
熱比
F 5
10
11
12 0.009
0.008
0.0082Kg/kg (DA) 10
0.91
4 9
8 90 0.007 8
7 80
3 70
6 0.006 7
5 60
Dry Bulb t ?
0.5
乾球温度ｔ
2 4 50 6
3 0.005
2 40
1 0
1
相対湿 idity f % 0.004
5
-1 30
e Hum
度 φ％
Relativ
-2 26 4
℃
-3 22
-4 0.003
18 3
14
0.002 2
10
6 1
0.001
2
0
0.000
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
3
Temperature
温度ｔ ℃ t? Specific比Volume
容積　　vm /kgv3(DAm
) /kg(DA)
0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
11.1℃ 22 ℃ Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.

Understanding Psychrometry
Relative Humidity
Saturated Air * Same Temperature

100% relative
humidity
10 5
Air + Water Vapour Water 10 Water 5 3 2
RH 100% RH 50% 30% 20%

Relative Humidity & Temperature
30degC 30degC
20degC B B
RH 100% RH 100% RH 50%
• For any given temperature there is a maximum amount of water vapour that can exist.
• With increased temperature there is an increase in the amount of water vapour that can exist.

Real Figure of Relative Humidity & Temperature & Absolute Humidity
20℃ 30℃ 30℃
0.89 m3 0.89 m3
0.85 m3
0.0000147m 3 0.0000272m3 0.0000133m3
RH 100% RH 100% RH 50%

Air 1kg Air 1kg Air 1kg
Water 0.015kg Water 0.027kg Water 0.013kg
Absolute Humidity Absolute Humidity Absolute Humidity

0.015kg/kg(DA) 0.027kg/kg(DA) 0.013kg/kg(DA)

Properties of Air and Water
Specific Gravity
Water 1,000 kg/m3
Air 0℃ 1.28 kg/m3

10 ℃ 1.23 kg/m3 Design 1.2 kg/m3
20 ℃ 1.17 kg/m3
30 ℃ 1.12 kg/m3
Specific Heat
Water 1 kcal/kg 4.19kJ/kg
Air 0.24 kcal/kg 1.01 kJ/kg

Heat
Sweat Vapor Latent Heat
Breath
+
Temperature
Sensible Heat
22℃
=
Temperature
36℃
Heat
Total Heat

Heat
Water
10 L
10 kg
20 ℃ 100 ℃ 100 ℃
( 100-20 )℃ x 10 kg x 1 kcal/kg ℃ 540 kcal/kg x 10 kg = 5,400 kcal

= 800 kcal
( latent heat of vaporization : 540 kcal/kg )
Sensible Heat Latent Heat

Psychrometric Process
20℃ 26℃
72% 50%
20℃ 26℃
72% 50%
Cooling

Psychrometric Process
12℃ 34℃
100% 65%
34℃ 26.8℃
65% 100% 12℃
Dehumidifying
100%
Cooling
Cooling
34℃
65%
12℃ Dehumidifying
100%
Cooling

Supply Air Condition

Q m3/h ?
12℃, 100%
Room Condition
23℃, 50%
SH = 31,700 kcal/h 12℃
100% 23℃
50%
q SH kcal/h
Q m3/h =
1.2 kg/m3 x 0.24 kcal/kg ℃ x ⊿ T(air)℃
31,700
=
1.2 x 0.24 x (23 – 12)
= 10,000 m3/h

Cooling Capacity
q TH kcal/h ?
Fresh Air Condition
10,000 m3/h
Supply Air Condition 34℃, 65%
12℃, 100%
g 21
a l /k .6
kca
kc l /kg 34℃
.5 65%
Room Condition 13
I=
23℃, 50% ⊿
SH = 31,700 kcal/h 8.1
kca
l/kg
23℃
12℃ 50%
100%
q TH kcal/h = 1.2 kg/m3 x Q m3/h x ⊿ i kcal/kg(DA)
= 1.2 x 10,000 x (21.6 – 8.1 )
= 162,000 kcal/h

12℃ Chilled water flow rate
Cooling Capacity V l/min ?
162,000 kcal/h
Supply Air Condition 10,000 m3/h

12℃, 100% Fresh Air Condition
34℃, 65%
7℃
g 21
Room Condition a l /k .6
kca
23℃, 50% kc l /kg 34℃
.5 65%
SH = 31,700 kcal/h 13
I=
⊿
8.1
kca
l/kg
23℃
12℃ 50%
100%
V l/h = q TH kcal/h / ⊿T (water) ℃
= 162,000 / (12 – 7)
= 32,400 l/h
= 540 l/min

Cooling Capacity
Psychrometric Calculation 162,000 kcal/h
12℃ Drain volume
Chilled water flow rate
540 l/min VD l/min ?
Supply Air Condition 10,000 m3/h

12℃, 100% Fresh Air Condition
34℃, 65%
7℃
Room Condition
23℃, 50% 34℃
SH = 31,700 kcal/h 65%
0.0225 kg/kg (DA)
23℃ 0.0087 kg/kg (DA)

50%
12℃
100%
VD l/h = 1.2 kg/m3 x Q m3/h x ⊿x kg/kg (DA)
= 1.2 x 10,000 x (0.0225 – 0.0087)
= 165 kg/h = 0.165 m3/h

= 2.75 l/min

Psychrometric
Calculation
34℃
65%
TH
12℃ LH
100%
SH
q TH kcal/h = 162,000 kcal/h

q SH kcal/h = 1.2kg/m3 x 0.24kcal/kg ℃ x 10,000m3/h x (33 – 12)℃
= 60,480 kcal/h
q LH kcal/h = q TH - q SH = 101,520 kcal/h

1.Basic Air Conditioning
1.4 Ventilation - 1
Purpose of ventilation
Ventilation is the provision of outside fresh air to achieve:
• Adequate oxygen to maintain life

• Dilution of odours to a socially acceptable level - e.g. kitchen
• To limit the concentration of carbon dioxide, CO 2
• To remove contaminants created in the space
Ventilation air may also be required for:
• Combustion appliances - e.g. boilers

• Prevention of condensation
• Smoke clearance in the event of fire
• To provide natural cooling

1.4 Ventilation - 2
Fresh air requirement

For Human
refer to CP13
For Production
depends on owner’s specification

1.4 Ventilation - 3
Ventilation Modes
NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is defined as the change of air in a building
by means of natural openings such as doors, windows,
louvres, etc.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation is a means of ventilating the space
through mechanical systems, e.g. fans

1.4 Ventilation - 4
Methods of Mechanical Ventilation
Supply Air Exhaust Air

Fan Fan
Filter
Room
Method 1
To maintain temperature and air circulation

• switch room
• plant room
• lift motor room
• kitchen

1.4 Ventilation - 5
Supply Air
Fan
Filter Exhaust
Opening
Room
Method 2
To maintain air circulation

• boiler room

1.4 Ventilation - 6
Exhaust Air
Fan
Intake air
opening
Room
Method 3
To control smell
• toilet
• kitchen

1.4 Ventilation - 7

Table 2 - Outdoor air supply requirement for mechanical ventilation in
non air-conditioned buildings
Minimum outdoor air supply

Type of building / Occupancy
Air-change/h
Offices 6
Restaurants, canteens 10
Shops, supermarkets and department stores 6
Workshops, factories 6
Classrooms 8
Theatres and cinemas 8
Lobbies***, concourse, corridors, staircases
and exits 4
Toilets**, bathrooms 10
Kitchens (commercial, institutional and
industrial) 20
Car Parks 6*
Fire Command Centres 6
Civil Defence Shelters 16*
Wastewater facilities / pumping installation 8
Note:
* Where the ceiling exceeds 2.5m, the air change rate will be calculated based 2.5m ceiling height.
** For heavily used public toilets, refer to Code of Practice on Environmental Health.
*** Lobbies of area 10m2 or less are exempted from being mechanically ventilated.

2. Heat Load
2.1 Heat Load Calculation - 1
Heat Source Roof
Ceiling
Lighting
Fresh Air Window Human

Equipment
Wall

2. Heat Load
Typical values
Unit Heat Load (1)
SH : Skin Load 40 – 60 kcal/h m2

(Wall, Ceiling, Window ….)
Human 50 – 60 kcal/h Person
Light 20 – 25 kcal/h m2
Equipment depends on power wattage of equipment
(PC, Copy ….)
LH : Human 50 – 60 kcal/h Person

Fresh Air depends on amount of fresh air

2. Heat Load
Typical values
Unit Heat Load (2)
Office : Normal 100~150 kcal/h m2

Under Roof 130~180 kcal/h m2
CR : 150~400 kcal/h m2

2. Heat Load
AHU Selection
RA SA
Room 4 Room 3 Room 2 Room 1
Fresh
Air

2. Heat Load
AHU Selection
Cooling Capacity and Supply Air Flow

75,000
500 m2 x 150 kcal/h m2 0.288 x (23 – 12)
Area Unit Heat Load SH Supply Air Flow

(m2) (kcal/h m2) (kcal/h) (m3/h)
Room 1 500 150 75,000 23,700
Room 2 300 150 45,000 14,300
Room 3 150 150 22,500 7,200
Room 4 150 150 22,500 7,200
Total 1,100 165,000 52,400
Fresh Air
Area Minimum fresh air rate Fresh Air Flow

Take Data from CP13
(m2) (m3/h per m2) (m3/h)
Room 1 500 2.3 1,200
Room 2 300 2.3 700
Room 3 150 2.3 400
Room 4 150 2.3 400
Total 1,100 2,700

2. Heat Load
AHU Selection
AHU Air Flow SA 52,400 m3/h FA 2,700
= = 0.05
FA 2,700 m3/h SA 52,400
RA 49,700 m3/h
MA 23.9℃, 54%
SA
52,400m3/h 34℃
12℃, 100% ity FA
65%
pac
C a
g
o lin
Co
95%
RA FA MA
SA
49,700m3/h 2,700m3/h
RA
23℃, 50% 34℃, 65% 5%
12℃ 23℃

2. Heat Load
AHU Selection
Enthalpy MA : i MA = 11.8 kcal/kg (DA)
SA : i SA = 8.1 kcal/kg (DA)
⊿i = 3.7 kcal/kg (DA)
Cooling Capacity
1.2 kg/m3 x Q m3/h x ⊿i kcal/kg
= 1.2 x 52,400 x 3.7
= 232,660 kcal/h
Water Flow Rate

⊿T = 5℃ (7 to 12 ℃)
232,660
5 x 1,000
= 46.5 m3/h
= 776 l/min

2. Heat Load
AHU Selection
Sample of AHU equipment schedule
AHU Area Specification Qty. Electricity Location

No
AHU-1 Room-1,2,3,4 Floor mounted type 1no. 3P-415V-7.5kW AHU room

Fan
52,400 m3/h x 30 mmAq
Coil
Cooling Capacity. : 232,660 kcal/h (TH)
Water Flow : 776 l/min (7 – 12 ℃)
on-coil : 23.9℃, 54%
off-coil : 12℃, 100%
Filter
Pre-filter
AHU-2

2. Heat Load
Chiller Selection
AHU Room SH kcal/h TH kcal/h

Room 1 75,000
Room 2 45,000
AHU-1 240,000
Room 3 22,500
Room 4 22,500
Room 5 28,000
Room 6 42,000
AHU-2 150,000
Room 7 20,000
Room 8 15,000
Room 9 84,000
AHU-3 180,000
Room 10 40,000
Total 394,000 570,000
Chiller Capacity
188 RT
1 USRT = 3024 kcal/h

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 1
Air Balance
EA
1,900
D RA SA
49,700 52,400
C A
7,200 7,200 14,300 23,700
6,800 6,800 13,600 22,500
F
Toilet Room 4 Room 3 Room 2 Room 1 G
- + + + + FA
2,700
E
1,900 400 400 700 1,200
AHU-1 B
800
H Corridor
A=B+C 52,400 = 2,700 + 49,700

B=D+E 2,700 = 1,900 + 800
F=G+H 23,700 = 22,500 + 1,200

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 2
Frictional Loss
Steel Duct
Frictional Loss
λ = 0.0055 ( 1 + (20,000 x ε/d + 106 / Re) 1/3)
Frictional Loss
Steel Duct : 0.18
ε: Brick : 5.00
Concrete : 0.50
PVC : 0.0015

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 3
The Ductulator
Air Flow (cmm)
Friction loss
Air Flow (cmh)

Air Flow
(cmm)
Aspect
Ratio
Air velocity
Circular Duct
Rectangular Duct
Rectangular Duct (mm)
Air Duct Slide Rule
(Dry bulb: 20oC, Relative Humidity: 50%) s
h icknes
duct t
elocity m)
Low v (m

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 4
Duct Size & Static Pressure

Case 1
10m 10m 10m 10m
2500 cmh 5000 cmh 7500 cmh 10000 cmh

600x600 600x600 600x600 600x600
0 mmAq/m 0.03 mmAq/m 0.06 mmAq/m 0.1 mmAq/m
2500 cmh 2500 cmh 2500 cmh 2500 cmh
Total Frictional Loss

0.1x10 + 0.06x10 + 0.03x10 + 0x10
= 1.9mmAq
Duct Area 96m2
Case 2
2500 cmh 5000 cmh 7500 cmh 10000 cmh
350x300 450x450 550x550 600x600
0.1 mmAq/m 0.1 mmAq/m 0.1 mmAq/m 0.1 mmAq/m
2500 cmh 2500 cmh 2500 cmh 2500 cmh
Total Frictional Loss

0.1x10 + 0.1x10 + 0.1x10 + 0.1x10
= 4.0mmAq
Duct Area 78m2

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 5
Static Pressure Calculation
Louvre + Chamber
2.5m
5m
00 2.2m
0 x6
2m 70
5m
0
60
0x
10m 70 FAN 12,000m3/h
4m
2m 5m 0
60 60
2m 0x 0x
50 60
10m 0
2m 4 50
0x
55
0
x 30
3 50
25
0x
25
0
2m
1000m3/h each grille
0.3m

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 6
Static Pressure Calculation
FAN
Duct Local
Duct Rate of Duct Fittings Local Equipment
Item Flow rate Duct s ize Velocity friction res is tance
Area Friction los s length resistance resistance
loss factor, ζ
m3/h mm mm m2 m/s mmAq/m m mmAq - mmAq mmAq
v = Q/A from from = ζ*ρ air *v 2 /2g from
ductulator publ. data catalogue
1 FA louvre 12,000 3.00

2 a.contr. 12,000 2500 2200 5.50 0.61 8 0.18
3 str duct 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.1 5.0 0.50
4 contr. 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.24 0.92
5 fan
6 expn 12,000 dia. 500 0.20 16.98 0.13 2.29
7 str duct 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.1 2.0 0.20
8 damper 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.52 2.00
9 str duct 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.1 5.0 0.50
10 contr. 12,000 700 600 0.42 7.94 0.11 0.42
11 str duct 10,000 600 600 0.36 7.72 0.1 10.0 1.00
12 contr. 10,000 600 600 0.36 7.72 0.11 0.40
13 str duct 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 0.11 5.0 0.55
14 90 elbow 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 1.5 5.03
15 str duct 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 0.11 10.0 1.10
16 90 elbow 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 1.5 5.03
17 str duct 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 0.11 4.0 0.44
18 contr. 8,000 600 500 0.30 7.41 0.11 0.37
19 str duct 6,000 550 450 0.25 6.73 0.1 4.0 0.40
20 contr. 6,000 550 450 0.25 6.73 0.11 0.31
21 str duct 2,000 350 300 0.11 5.29 0.11 2.0 0.22
22 r. elbow 1,000 250 250 0.06 4.44 0.09 0.11
23 str duct 1,000 250 250 0.06 4.44 0.11 1.0 0.11
24 90 elbow 1,000 250 250 0.06 4.44 1.5 1.81
25 dropper 1,000 250 250 0.06 4.44 0.11 0.3 0.03
26 a. expn 1,000 250 250 0.06 4.44 0.36 0.43
27 FAgrille 1,000 600 250 0.15 1.85 2.30
Sub-Total 5.1 19.32 5.30

Total 29.67
Note:
a.contr. : abrupt contraction Friction Loss Sum 29.67 mmAq
str duct : straight duct Fan Total Pressure (x1.05) 31.16 mmAq
contr. : contraction 312 Pa
expn : expansion
90 elbow : 90o elbow
r. elbow : radius elbow
a.expn : abrupt expansion

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 7
Fan Selection
Sample of FAN equipment schedule

No
SF-1 Room-1,2,3,4 Centrifugal Fan 1no. 3P-415V-7.5kW AHU room

12,000 m3/h x 31 mmAq
EF-1 Room-1,2,3,4 Centrifugal Fan 1no. 3P-415V-7.5kW Roof

11,000 m3/h x 30 mmAq

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Air - 8
Fan Performance
70 mmAq Design Point
Control by VCD
44 mmAq
25 mmAq
8000 m3/h 12000 m3/h 20000 m3/h

3. Flow Calculation
3.2 Water - 1
Water Balance
AHU-3 AHU-2 AHU-1
800 l/min 300 l/min 500 l/min

Chiller
1600 l/min

3. Flow Calculation
3.1 Water - 2
The Ductulator
Water Flow
Friction loss
Water Pipe (Steam Pipe) Slide Rule
Velocity (Water Temp: 20oC, Roughness: 0.3mm)
Water Flow
copper pipe size
Pipe size
steam pipe size steam

water pipe size
velocity

3. Flow Calculation
3.2 Water - 3
Head Calculation
2m
Ø10 2m
0
Ø10
0
Ø12
2m 5 5
5m Ø12 Ø12
5
5 Ø12 3m
5m
Ø80
5
AHU-3 Ø12
800 l/min
Ø100
0.2
AHU-2
m 300 l/min
PUMP
0.2
1600 l/min
m AHU-1
4m 500 l/min 1m
Chiller 2m
4m
1600 l/min 1m
3m
4m 1m
2m

3. Flow Calculation
3.2 Water - 4
Head Calculation
PUMP
Pipe Coeff. of
Rate of Valve & Fitting Equipment
Item Flow rate Pipe s ize Velocity Pipe length friction local friction
Friction los s friction loss friction loss
loss los s , ζ
l/min Ø mm m/s mmAq/m m mAq - mAq mAq
from from = ζ*ρ w ater *v 2 /2g from
ductulator pub l. data catalogue
1 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07

2 GL V 1,600 125 2.17 10 2.41
3 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 3.0 0.11
4 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
5 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
6 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
7 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 3.0 0.11
8 GV 1,600 125 2.17 0.19 0.05
9 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
10 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
11 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 1.0 0.04
12 CHILLER 1,600 125 2.17 5.00
13 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 1.0 0.04
14 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
15 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
16 GL V 1,600 125 2.17 10 2.41
17 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 3.0 0.11
18 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
19 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
20 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
21 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 4.0 0.15
22 T 1,600 125 2.17 1.8 0.43
23 S 1,100 125 1.49 18 4.0 0.07
24 T 1,100 125 1.49 1.8 0.21
25 S 800 100 1.70 29 4.0 0.12
26 L 800 100 1.70 0.9 0.13
27 S 800 100 1.70 29 2.0 0.06
28 GV 800 100 1.70 0.19 0.03
29 S 800 100 1.70 29 3.0 0.09
30 L 800 100 1.70 0.9 0.13
31 S 800 100 1.70 29 0.2 0.01
32 AHU 800 100 1.70 3.00
33 S 800 100 1.70 29 0.2 0.01
34 L 800 100 1.70 0.9 0.13
35 S 800 100 1.70 29 3.0 0.09
36 GL V 800 100 1.70 10 1.47
37 S 800 100 1.70 29 2.0 0.06
38 L 800 100 1.70 0.9 0.13
39 S 800 100 1.70 29 4.0 0.12
40 T 800 100 1.70 1.8 0.26
41 S 1,100 125 1.49 18 4.0 0.07
42 T 1,100 125 1.49 1.8 0.21
43 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
44 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
45 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 8.0 0.30
46 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
47 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
48 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
49 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 3.0 0.11
50 GV 1,600 125 2.17 0.19 0.05
51 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 2.0 0.07
52 L 1,600 125 2.17 0.9 0.22
53 S 1,600 125 2.17 37 1.0 0.04
Sub-Total 2.27 10.22 8.00

Total 20.49
Note:
S : straight pipe Friction Loss Sum 20.5 mAq
L : 90o elbow Pump Head (x1.05) 21.5 mAq
T : tee
GV : gate valve
GL V : globe valve

3. Flow Calculation
3.2 Water - 5
Pump Selection
Sample of PUMP equipment schedule

No
CHW-1 Chilled water Centrifugal Pump 3no. 3P-415V-11kW Chiller

pump 1600 l/min x 22 mAq room
CW-1 Cooling water Centrifugal Pump 3no. 3P-415V-15kW Chiller

pump 15000 l/min x 30 mAq room

3. Flow Calculation
3.2 Water - 6
Pipe Pressure
1 kg/cm22 = 1 bar 2m
Expansion
Tank
Piping Pressure loss

0.5 kg/cm2 1.1 kg/cm2
2.5 kg/cm2
6m
P P 0.5 kg/cm2
2.8 kg/cm2
3m
AHU
Pressure Drop
0.3 kg/cm2
1.4 kg/cm2 Pressure loss Pump 30mH

6m 3.1 kg/cm2 0.5 kg/cm2 Pressure Drop (3 kg/cm2)
P P
0.5 kg/cm2
P P P
CHILLER 1.4 kg/cm2

AHU
1.4 kg/cm2
1.4 kg/cm2 1.4 kg/cm2 1.4 kg/cm2

• Pressure when pump stop
3.4 kg/cm2 3.9 kg/cm2 4.4 kg/cm2
• Pressure when pump running

3.2 Water - 7
What is pressure?
Air Weight = 1 atm
10m
1mm
Air
This pressure is 1mmAq This pressure is 10mAq
1 mmAq = 9.81 Pa
1 mAq = 9.81 kPa = 0.1 kgf/cm2 = 0.098 bar = 0.097 atm

3.2 Water - 8
36,000 km stationary satellite
What is pressure?
satellite
300 km
500 km
100 km
80 km air
Atmosphere
50 km 1 atm
Stratosphere
Mount
Everest
8,848 m
10 km Troposphere

4. Automatic Control
4.1 Elements of Control - 1
DDC or PLC DDC: Direct Digital Controller
Temperature
PLC: Programmable Logic Controller
Control
Return
Air
Supply
Air
Room
Fresh Air
AHU Note: All control valves to
be installed in return line
2-way valve 3-way valve
100%
50%

Humidity Control
DDC or PLC
Dew Point or
Temperature
Sensor
DP
Fresh Air
MAU
DDC or PLC
MAU
Return
Air
Supply
Air
Dew
Point
AHU
T
Room
AHU

Room Pressure Control
DDC or PLC
VSD
Supply Fresh Air

Air
AHU
P
Room

DDC or PLC
VAV (Variable Air Volume)
Control
DDC or PLC
VSD
Supply DP P Fresh Air
Air
VAV AHU
Return
Air
T T T
Change
Room Room Room
q
Q=
0.288 x ⊿T
Change
Constant

Supply Water
Pressure Control
AHU
AHU
AHU
supply DDC or PLC return

P
Chiller
Chiller

5. Conversion Table
Conversion Table
3
Flow 1 cfm = 1.7 m /h
3
1 l/min = 0.06 m /h
3
1 USgpm = 0.227 m /h
2
Pressure 1 kgf/cm = 98.1 kPa
1 mmAq = 9.81 Pa
1 mmHg = 133 Pa
1 atm = 101 kPa
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 psi = 6.89 kPa
1 inAq = 249 Pa
1 ftAq = 2.99 kPa
Energy 1 kW = 860 kcal/h
1 Btu/h = 0.25 kcal/h

1 USRt = 3024 kcal/h
o o
Temperature t C = 5(t F-32)
9

Basic Technical Training

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Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.

Basic Technical Training

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

1.1 Functions Of Air Conditioning 3.1 Air

2. Heat Load 5. Conversion Table

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Human Comfort Environment

A human comfort environment can be created by essentially controlling these elements:

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Purpose of Air Conditioning

• Comfort air conditioning

– to create an environment for human comfort.

• Industrial air conditioning

– to create an environment for production and process needs.

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Indoor and Outdoor Condition

• Comfort air conditioning

A general indoor condition for human comfort:

• Industrial air conditioning

The indoor condition will depend on customer requirement of production

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Extract from CP13:1999

Table 1 - Outdoor air supply requirement for comfort air-conditioning

Minimum outdoor air supply

Note: The above table assumes no smok ing in air-conditioned space

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Indoor and Outdoor Condition

The outdoor condition (Singapore) *for design purpose

During the day

Monthly ~ Maximum 32.4 ℃ @ April

*The design value for outdoor condition ~ 34 ℃ and 65% R.H.

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Indoor and Outdoor Condition

Extract from CP13:1999

Table 5 - Recommended ambient sound level

Area Low dBA Average dbA High dbA

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

AHU – AIR HANDLING UNIT

• Main components - Fan, Coil and Filter section

FAN COIL FILTER

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

FCU – FAN COIL UNIT

• Main components - Fan, Coil and Filter section

Fan Coil Fresh Air

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

• Main components - Fan Coil Unit and Condenser Unit

Condenser (Outdoor Unit)

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

PAC - PACKAGED UNIT (AIR-COOLED / WATER-COOLED)

• Main components - Indoor Unit and Outdoor Unit or Cooling Tower

CONDENSER (OUTDOOR UNIT)

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Psychrometry is the study of atmospheric air - that is air and its

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Partial Pressure of water vapor h

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd

Absolute Humidity 0.0082Kg/kg (DA) -400 18

Partial Pressure of water vapor h

Absolute Humidity x kg/kg (DA)

湿 度 x kg/kg (DA)

湿　度　　　x kg/kg (DA)