OP-AMP

Applications

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Introduction
 What is OP-AMP
 Mathematics of OP-AMP
 Characteristics of OP-AMP
 Ideal OP-AMP
 Types of OP-AMP
 Applications of OP-AMP
 Description of OP-AMP applications

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What is Op Amp
• An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an integrated circuit
that uses external voltage to amplify the input through a very
high gain

What an Op-Amp looks

like to a lay-person

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What is an Op-Amp? –
The Surface
• .
• What an Op-Amp looks
like to an engineer

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What is an Op-Amp? –
The Inside
• The actual count varies, but an Op-Amp contains
several Transistors, Resistors, and a few
Capacitors and Diodes.
• For simplicity, an Op-Amp is often depicted as
this: Positive
Power
Supply
Inverting
Input
Non- Output
Inverting
Input Negative
Power
Supply
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Mathematics of the Op-Amp
• The gain of the Op-Amp itself is calculated as:
G = Vout/(V+ – V-)

• The maximum output is the power supply

voltage

• When used in a circuit, the gain of the circuit (as

opposed to the op-amp component) is:
Av = Vout/Vin
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Op-Amp Characteristics

• Open-loop gain G is typically over 9000

• But closed-loop gain is much smaller
• Rin is very large (MΩ or larger)
• Rout is small (75Ω or smaller)
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Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics

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Types of Op-Amps
o Inverting
oNon-inverting
oSumming amplifier
oThe voltage follower
o Integrator
oDifferentiator

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Applications of Op-Amps
• Comparator
• Integration and differentiation
• Charge amplifier
• Capacitance multiplier
• Oscillators
• Filters
• Audio and video preamplifiers and buffers

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Applications of Op-Amps
• Voltage regulator and current regulator
• Digital-to-analog converter
• Voltage clamps
• Oscillators and waveform generators
• Analog computer

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C omparator
.

• Compares two voltages or

currents and outputs a
digital signal indicating
which is larger.
• Two analog input
terminals
and one Output

• The op-amp's output voltage is limited by

the supply voltage.
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 Integration
•Performs the mathematical
operation of Integration.

• Output signal is determined by the

length of time a voltage is present at
its input as the current through the
feedback loop charges or discharges
the capacitor as the required
negative feedback occurs through
the capacitor.
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 Differentiation
• Amplifies the difference
between two voltages but does
not amplify the particular
voltages.

=Common-mode gain of the amplifier. =Differential gain

• Used to null out noise or bias-voltages that appear at

both inputs, a low common-mode gain is usually desired.
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Differential and Common
Gain
•

• Differential Gain (Ad):

• Ad = 1/2[R3/(R1+R3)] [(R4 + R2)/R2 + R4/R2]
• Mode Gain (Acm=VOUT/ Vcm)
• Acm = [R3/(R1+R3)] [(R4 + R2)/R2 - R4/R2]
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 Charge amplifier
• Constructed using op-amps with a
feedback capacitor.
• The charge amplifier just transfers
the input charge to another
reference capacitor and produces
an output voltage equal to the
voltage across the reference
capacitor
• The circuit acts as a charge-to-
voltage converter.
• The input impedance of the circuit
is almost zero
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Capacitance
Multiplier
• Uses an amplifier to make a
capacitor function like a capacitor
that is much large.
• Used as a capacitance multiplier in
such a way that multiple small
physical capacitances are combined
in the integrated circuit technology
to yield a large overall capacitance.
• The aim is often to multiply
the original capacitance value
hundreds and thousands of times.

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Oscillators
• Produces a repetitive, oscillating
electronic signal, often a sine
wave or a square wave.

• convert direct current (DC) from

a power supply to an alternating
current signal.

• It contains an energy-storing
element (a capacitor or, more
rarely, an inductor)

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Active FILTERS
• Types:
• Low pass filter
• High pass filter
• Band pass filter
• Band reject filter

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Active Filters
• A filter contains a device like an Op Amp
• LP allow low frequencies HP allow high frequencies
• Cut of frequency :a cutoff frequency is a frequency level
above or below where a device fails to operate.
C
Low pass filter transfer
function
R
2

R1 + Vcc
Low pass filter Cutoff
-
frequency 
+
- Vcc +
+
V0
-
ARETI GOPI EEE DEPT Low pass filter
Low Pass
Filter
• Passes low frequency signals with amplification and
gain control

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Active Low Pass Filter with
Amplification
• the amplitude of the output is increased by the pass band
gain, AF of the amplifier.

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Frequency Response
Curve

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 High Pass Filter
• Passes high frequency signals with amplification and gain
control

First Order Active High Pass Filter with 1 Gain

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Active Band Pass
Filter
• Frequency selective filter circuit
• Range is set between two cut-off
frequency points “lower frequency” ( ƒL)
and the “higher frequency” ( ƒH) while
attenuating any signals outside of these
two points.
• Made by cascading together a
single Low Pass Filter with a
single High Pass Filter .

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Active Band Pass Filter
Circuit

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Band reject
filter
• Band stop filters reject a specified band of
• frequencies and pass all others.
• The response is opposite to that of a bandpass

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Graphical representation

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