ULTRA SOUND TESTING

TOPIC:- TEST METHODS AND

TECHNIQUES
 Contents
 Basic Ultrasonic Methods
 Pulse echo method
 Through transmission
 Resonance method
 Pulse echo testing Technique
 Normal beam Technique
 Applications of contact type Normal beam probes
 Using single crystal probes
 Using TR probe
 Angle beam technique
 Immersion testing techniques
 Thickness measurement by pulse echo methods
 Basic Ultrasonic methods
 Ultrasonic waves arriving at an interface between two media are
partially reflected into the medium from which they are incident and
partially transmitted into the other medium.
 These are;
 Through transmission
 Pulse echo method
 Resonance method
 Pulse Echo Method
 Most commonly utilized in UT.
 Transmitter and receiver probes are on the same side of the
specimen/job/workpiece.
 Defect orientation is cleared
 It takes double time of flight to again receive on probe in
comparison to through transmission.
 Through Transmission
 Two ultrasonic probes are used
 One for transmitter probe and another for receiver probe.
 Utilises transmitted part of the ultrasonic wave.
 Does not give the size and location of defect/discontinuity.
 It only shows that defect is present or not.
 Presence of defect is shown by reduction of signal amplitude on the
flaw detector screen.
 In this method only material is been checked whether it is good or
not.
 Used for composite material.
 Resonance method
 Resonance condition ; it exists when t=λ/2 or in the multiple of
whole number
t- thickness
λ-wavelength
 Resonance have variable frequency
 Pulse echo and through transmission have fixed frequency.
 Pulse echo testing techniques

Normal beam technique

 Ultrasonic beam is projected perpendicular to the test specimen.
 Technique may use single, double, TR normal beam probes.
 Single normal beam probe;- Transducer of the probe acts as both
transmitter and receiver.
 Double normal beam probe;- more useful when the specimen shape
is irregular and the back surface is not parallel with the front
surface. One probe transmit and another probe receives the beam
and echo from thee flaws and represent them on the screen . In TR
probe two transducers are in the same case.
Single probe
TR PROBE
 Contact Type Testing
 Using single crystal probes:
 Using TR probes:
 Angle beam technique
 Single crystal probe
 Thickness measurement
 Calibration of CRT screen in millimetres using a calibration block.
 Thickness of test piece can be read by using single or multiple
backwall echoes.
 Smallest wall thickness measured with thee multiple echo method is
3mm.
 TR probes
 TR probe can measure least thickness 1 mm and results in a very
good near surface resolution.
 Calibration for TR probe is made up by step-wedge block.
 It has two crystals one is transmitter and another is receiver and
fixed at some angle (2-3 degree)
 Laminations check
 Velocity Correction
 If the calibration block used for the same time base calibration is a
different material than that of the material of the specimen has to be
corrected for the difference in velocity in the calibration block.
 Formula;-
Thickness of specimen=indicated thickness*(longitudinal velocity in
specimen/longitudinal velocity in calibration block)
 Angle beam technique
The angle beam technique is used to transmit ultrasonic waves into a
test specimen at a predetermined angle to the test surface. According to
the angle selected , the wave modes produced in the test specimen may
be mixed longitudinal and transverse , transverse only or surface waves
mode.
Transverse waves at various angle of refraction between 35 degree to
80 degree are used to locate defects
Common terminology;-
• Half skip distance(HSD)
• Full skip distance(FSD)
• Half skip beam path(
• Full skip beam path
Continued…
• FORMULA;-
• HSD= t*tanθ
• FSD=2*HSD
• H S BEAM PATH= t/cosθ
• FSBPL=2*HSBP
ANGLE PROBE
 Immersion Testing
 Immersion testing techniques is mainly used in in the laboratory for
automatic work for large installations.
 It has advantage of uniform couplant conditions obtained ,
longitudinal and transverse waves can be generated with the same
probe simply by changing the incident angle.
 In the rough surface area we can perform immersion testing
successfully.
 Best is dipped all things in couplant.
 When the couplant layer is sufficient enough to separate the entry
surface and initial pulse then it is called to be immersion testing .
 When layer is in microns than it can be ignored and called contact
testing.
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