SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines

Vikash Tiwari
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
2

What is the need?

 Conventional Squirrel Cage motors suffer from the disadvantages of low
starting torque because of low rotor resistance.
 The starting torque can be increased by using the bar material of higher
resistivity.
 However high rotor resistance reduces the full-load speed, increases rotor
ohmic loss and lower efficiency.
 Therefore in order to achieve high starting torque without effecting the
efficiency, the rotor resistance is made higher at the time of starting & low
under normal operating conditions.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
3

What is the need?

 In wound rotor induction motors these conditions are met by connecting
external resistance in rotor circuit at the time of starting & resistances are
cut out in steps as the motor attains its normal speed.
 In squirrel cage motor this is not feasible as the conductors are short
circuited by end rings. In order to attain the above desired conditions
following types of rotors are used:-
 Deep bar rotor
 Double cage rotor

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
4
Deep Bar Rotor:
 The rotor consists of deep bars, short circuited by two end rings one
on each side.

 The leakage inductance of the bottom strips is greater than that of

top strips as more flux links with bottom strip compared to top strip.
All the strips are in parallel electrically.

 The bottom strip has greater leakage inductance than the top strip.
During starting the rotor frequency is equal to the stator frequency
and hence leakage reactance of bottom strip is largest and current in
it is least.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
5
Deep Bar Rotor:
 The top strip has low leakage reactance and current in it is large.
Thus the current in low reactance top strip will be greater than that
in high reactance lower strip and the current will be forced towards
the top of the slot and phase of current in upper strip will lead that of
the current in lower one.

 Thus there is non-uniform distribution of current. Due to this non-

uniform distribution of current, and use to skin effect, effective are of
cross section decreases. Hence rotor resistance increases resulting in
high starting torque.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
6
Double Cage Rotor:
 Its rotor consists of two cages or two layers of bars short circuited by
end rings since the upper cage is having smaller cross-sectional area
than the lower cage, the upper cage is having higher resistance than
that of lower cage.

 With equal cross sectional areas of two cages the upper cage is made
up of high resistance material like brass, aluminium, bronze etc. and
the lower cage is made up of low resistance material like copper.

 The upper cage and lower cage are separated by a narrow slit or
constriction

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
7
Double Cage Rotor:
 Similar to deep bar rotor construction the rotor bars in the upper
cage have less leakage flux linkage and therefor have lower reactance.

 The dimension of air constriction controls the self-leakage flux

linking upper and lower bars. If air constriction would have been
absent then the main flux would return via iron path between the
two slots and thereby missing the bars in the lower cages which will
not contribute to production of torque in that case.

 Hence it can be seen that the upper cage has high resistance and low
reactance whereas the lower cage has low resistance and high
reactance.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
8
Double Cage Rotor:
 During starting the rotor frequency is same as stator frequency or
supply frequency. The division of rotor current in upper and lower
cage is inversely proportional to their leakage impedances.

 At the time of starting the leakage reactance of lower cage is very

high and consequently its leakage impedance is several times greater
than that of upper cage whose leakage reactance is small.

 Hence most rotor current flows in upper cage having lower leakage
impedance. The upper cage having high resistance sharing the rotor
current results in low starting current at improved power factor
giving high starting torque.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
9
  
Equivalent Circuit of Double Cage Induction Motor:
 As in a single-cage induction motor, total per phase air-gap power for both cages is,

 The electromagnetic torque developed is given by,

 If only top bars are present, then torque developed is given by,

 If only bottom bars are present, then electromagnetic torque developed

is given by,

 If a comparison due to top and bottom cages are required, i.e.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
10
  
Equivalent Circuit of Double Cage Induction Motor:
 If a comparison due to top and bottom cages are required, i.e.

 It is seen from the equivalent circuit that,

Therefore,

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
11
Torque-Speed Characteristics of Double Cage IM:
 Torque-slip characteristics of double-cage induction motor can be
obtained by assuming that each cage is quite independent and
produces torque as if the other cage were absent. The torque-slip
curves for high-resistance outer cage and low-resistance inner cage
are as shown in Fig. below. The total torque of the machine is,
therefore, the sum of the two cage torques as illustrated in Figure.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
12
Application of Double Cage IM:
 Used in water pumps for various Irrigational and Industrial purposes.

 Used in Lathe machines and Drilling machines.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Deep Bar & Double Cage Rotor:
13
Ques: The impedances at standstill of the inner and outer cages of a double-cage rotor are (0.01 + j 0.5) W
and (0.05 + j 0.1) W respectively. The stator impedance may be assumed to be negligible. Calculate the ratio of
the torques due to the two cages (i) at starting, and (ii) when running with a slip of 5%.
Solution:   𝒓𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝑻𝒐
=
𝒔 ( ) +𝒙 𝟑
.
𝒓𝟐
𝟐
𝑻𝒊 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑
𝒔 ( ) +𝒙 𝟐
𝟐

i) At Starting

ii) when running with a slip of 5%.

Remark The outer cage contributes 100 times more torque than the inner cage at starting while it
contributes only 1.436 times during running.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
14
 In this method, the speed of induction motor is controlled by injecting an emf
in rotor circuit.
 The frequency of this injected emf must be at slip frequency at all speeds.
 This method is applicable only for slip ring induction motor.
 When emf is injected in the rotor, the induction motor becomes a doubly
excited induction machine.
 By this method, speed above synchronous speed can also be achieved.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
15
  Figure (a) represents phasor diagram of induction motor running at slip s and rotor
winding short circuited. sE2 is the emf in the rotor winding at any slip s.
 As we know that, per phase torque developed by the motor is given as

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Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
16
  Assuming load torque to be constant, then

 Since E2 and are constant for a given motor,  must remain constant for constant load torque
requirement. A constant shown in above figure a), b) and c) by bottom dotted horizontal line.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
17
  Assuming load torque to be constant, then

 Since E2 and are constant for a given motor,  must remain constant for constant load torque
requirement. A constant shown in above figure a), b) and c) by bottom dotted horizontal line.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
18
  In figure (b), an emf E  is injected in phase opposition to the standstill rotor emf E .
j 2

 Since the speed of motor can’t change suddenly due to inertia, the effect of injection
of emf in rotor circuit is to reduce the rotor current from to

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
19
 Due to reduction of rotor current, the electromagnetic torque reduces suddenly.
 As the load torque requirement is constant, a reduction in electromagnetic torque results in reduction
of motor speed.
 Subsequently, the slip increases to a new value (say s’) and hence rotor emf s’E 2 increases.
 Due to this increase in rotor emf, the rotor current again increases till the electromagnetic torque
becomes equal to the constant load torque.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
EMF injection Method of speed control of slip ring induction motor
20
 In figure (c), an emf in phase with the standstill rotor emf E2, the rotor current and hence the
electrical torque increases.
 As the load torque is constant, the speed of motor will increase. Thereby the slip will
decrease to somewhat lower value (say s’).
 Consequently, the rotor emf at slip s’’ will reduce and hence the rotor current will also
reduce till the electrical torque balances the load torque.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Slip power recovery schemes for slip ring induction motor
21
 Slip power recovery schemes can be classified in two categories, depending
upon the whether the slip power is returned to, or taken form, the supply
lines or taken from, or added to, the motor shaft.

 Constant torque drives: the slip power either returned to, or taken
from, the supply.

 Constant power drives: the slip power either added to, or taken from
the shaft output of the main induction motor.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Slip power recovery schemes for slip ring induction motor
22
 Constant torque drives: at s=0.2

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Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Slip power recovery schemes for slip ring induction motor
23
 Constant torque drives: at s=0.2

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Slip power recovery schemes for slip ring induction motor
24
 Constant Power drives: at s=0.2

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Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes
25
 Instead of wasting the slip power in the rotor circuit resistance, a better
approach is to convert it to ac line power and return it back to the line.
Two types of converter provide this approach:
1)Static Kramer Drive - only allows operation at sub-synchronous speed.
2)Static Scherbius Drive – allows operation above and below synchronous
speed.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
26
 In this method, the slip power is taken from the rotor
and it is rectified to dc voltage by 3-phase diode
bridge rectifier.

 Inductor Ld smoothens the ripples in the rectified

voltage Vd.

 This dc power is converted into ac power by using line

– commutated inverter. The rectifier and inverter are
both line commutated by alternating emfs appearing
at the slip rings and supply bus bars respectively.

 Here, the slip power flows from rotor circuit to supply,

this method is also, called as constant - torque drive.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
27  The feedback power is controlled by controlling the inverter
counter emf Vd2, which is controlled by controlling the
inverter firing angle.

 The drive input power is the difference of the DC input

power and the power fed back. Reactive input power is the
sum of the motor and input reactive power. Thus, the drive
has poor power factor throughout the range of its operation.

 Where α is the inverter firing angle and n, and m are

respectively the stator to the rotor turn ratio of motor and
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04/13/2020
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
28  Neglecting the drop across the inductor.

 Substituting the equation (1) and (2) in the above equation

we get

where a = n/m
 The maximum value of alpha is restricted to 165º for safe
commutation of inverter thyristor. The slip can be controlled
from 0 to 0.966α when α is changed from 90º to 165º.The
appropriate speed range can be obtained by choosing the
appropriate value of α.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
29  The static Kramer drive has been very
popular in large power pump and fan type
drives, where the range of speed control is
limited near, but less than the synchronous
speed.
 This method of speed control is economical
because the rectifier and inverter only have
to carry the slip power of the rotor ,which is
considerably less than the input power to the
stator.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Scherbius Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
30  This system consists of SRIM,2 no of phase controlled
bridges, smoothing inductor and step up transformer.
This system is used for both sub synchronous speed
and super-synchronous
 (i) Sub-Synchronous speed operation: In sub-
synchronous speed-control of SRIM, slip power is
removed from the rotor circuit and is pumped back
into the ac supply. Figure shows the dc link static
Scherbius system.
 ln the Scherbius system, when the machine is
operated at sub-synchronous speed, phase controlled
bridge l operates in the rectifier mode and bridge 2
operates in the inverter mode.
 In other words, bridge l has firing angle less than 90°
whereas bridge 2 has firing angle more than 90°. The
slip power Flows from rotor circuit to bridge l, bridge
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2, transformer and returned to the supply04/13/2020
i.e. speed
operation.
Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Scherbius Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
31  ii) Super Synchronous Speed operation: In
super-synchronous speed operation, the
additional power is fed into the rotor circuit at
slip frequency.
 In the Scherbius system, when the machine is
operated at super-synchronous speed, phase
controlled bridge 2 should operate in rectifier
mode and bridge l in inverter mode.
 In other words, the bridge 2 has firing angle less
than 90° whereas bridge l has tiring angle more
than 90°. The slip power flows from the supply to
transformer, bridge 2 (rectifier), bridge l (line
commutated inverter) and to the rotor circuit.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Scherbius Drive (Constant Torque Operation)
32  Near synchronous speed, the rotor voltage is low, and
forced commutation must be employed in the inverter,
which makes the scheme less attractive.
 The replacement of six diodes by six thyristors
increases the converter cost and also necessitates the
introduction of slip frequency gating circuit.
 Difficulty is experienced near synchronous when the
slip frequency emfs are insufficient for line or natural
commutation and special connections or forced
commutation methods are necessary for the passage
through synchronism .

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Power Operation)
33  In this scheme, the slip power is converted into dc by a
three phase diode bridge rectifier as shown in fig.
below, this dc power is fed to the dc motor.
 This dc motor is mechanically coupled to SRIM. The
slip power is converted to mechanical power and fed
back to the SRIM shaft.
 The torque supplied to the load is shared by SRIM and
DC motor.
 The SRIM speed can be controlled by controlling the
field regulator (field current) of the dc motor. The
steady state operation is possible at Vd1 = Vd2 .
 In this method the speed control range is synchronous
speed to around half of the synchronous speed.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020

Unit-1: Poly-Phase AC Machines:
Static Kramer Drive (Constant Power Operation)
34  The drive has higher maintenance cost due to the
involvement of a D.C. motor, which has higher cost due
to carbon brushes and commutator.
 The smooth speed control from near standstill to the
super-synchronous speeds is possible with normal
running power factor of the motor.
 This drives also introduces low value of higher order
harmonics than that of the static scherbius drive, as it
has no line commutated inverter.
 For large speed applications the diode bridge is
replaced by using thyristor bridge, the speed can be
controlled by varying the firing angle.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIET, Gr. Noida 04/13/2020