LECTURE-16:

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FUNCTIONS

Muhammad Ahmad
Lecturer
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CS Department
TODAY WE WILL COVER

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 Functions
 Built in Functions

 Function Definition

 Calling Functions

 User Defined Functions

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MODULAR PROGRAMMING

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 Modular programming: breaking a
program up into smaller, manageable
functions or modules

 Function:a collection of statements to

perform a task
 Motivation for modular programming:
 Improves maintainability of programs
 Simplifies the process of writing programs

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Method Desc ription Example
ceil( x ) rounds x to the smallest integer ceil( 9.2 ) is 10.0
not less than x ceil( -9.8 ) is -9.0
cos( x ) trigonometric cosine of x cos( 0.0 ) is 1.0

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(x in radians)
exp( x ) exponential function ex exp( 1.0 ) is 2.71828
exp( 2.0 ) is 7.38906
fabs( x ) absolute value of x fabs( 5.1 ) is 5.1
fabs( 0.0 ) is 0.0
fabs( -8.76 ) is 8.76
floor( x ) rounds x to the largest integer floor( 9.2 ) is 9.0
not greater than x floor( -9.8 ) is -10.0
fmod( x, y ) remainder of x/y as a floating- fmod( 13.657, 2.333 ) is 1.992
point number
log( x ) natural logarithm of x (base e) log( 2.718282 ) is 1.0
log( 7.389056 ) is 2.0
log10( x ) logarithm of x (base 10) log10( 10.0 ) is 1.0
log10( 100.0 ) is 2.0
pow( x, y ) x raised to power y (xy) pow( 2, 7 ) is 128
pow( 9, .5 ) is 3
sin( x ) trigonometric sine of x sin( 0.0 ) is 0
(x in radians)
sqrt( x ) square root of x sqrt( 900.0 ) is 30.0
sqrt( 9.0 ) is 3.0
tan( x ) trigonometric tangent of x tan( 0.0 ) is 0 5
(x in radians)
Fig. 3.2 Math library func tions.
BUILT-IN-FUNCTIONS

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DEFINING AND CALLING
FUNCTIONS

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DEFINING AND CALLING FUNCTIONS

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 Function call: statement causes a function to
execute
 Function definition: statements that make up
a function

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FUNCTION DEFINITION

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 Definition includes:
 return type: data type of the value that
function returns to the part of the program
that called it
 name: name of the function. Function
names follow same rules as variables
 parameter list: variables containing values
passed to the function
 body: statements that perform the
function’s task, enclosed in {}
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FUNCTION DEFINITION

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FUNCTION RETURN TYPE

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 Ifa function returns a value, the type
of the value must be indicated:
int main()
 If a function does not return a value,
its return type is void:
void printHeading()
{
cout << "Monthly Sales\n";
}

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CALLING A FUNCTION

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 To
call a function, use the function
name followed by () and ;
printHeading();

 When called, program executes the

body of the called function

 Afterthe function terminates,

execution resumes in the calling
function at point of call.
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FUNCTIONS IN PROGRAM 6-1

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FLOW OF CONTROL IN PREVIOUS
PROGRAM

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CALLING FUNCTIONS

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 main can call any number of functions
 Functions can call other functions
 Compiler must know the following about a
function before it is called:
 name
 return type
 number of parameters
 data type of each parameter

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PREPARE YOUR ANSWERS?

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 Is the following a function header or a
function call?
 calcTotal();

 Is the following a function header or a

function call?
 void showResults()

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TASK!

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 The following program skeleton determines
whether a person qualifies for a credit card.
To qualify, the person must have worked on
his or her current job for at least two years
and make at least $17,000 per year. Finish
the program by writing the definitions of the
functions qualify and noQualify. The
function qualify should explain that the
applicant qualifies for the card and that the
annual interest rate is 12%. The function
noQualify should explain that the applicant
does not qualify for the card and give a 20
general explanation why.
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FUNCTION PROTOTYPES

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FUNCTION PROTOTYPES

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 Ways to notify the compiler about a
function before a call to the function:

 Place function definition before calling

function’s definition
 Function prototypes are also known as
function declarations

 Use a function prototype (function

declaration) – like the function definition
without the body
 Header: void printHeading()
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 Prototype: void printHeading();
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PROTOTYPE NOTES

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 Place prototypes near top of program

 Program must include either prototype or

full function definition before any call to
the function – compiler error otherwise

 When using prototypes, can place

function definitions in any order in source
file
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Questions

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