THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

SUBJECT : PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. AAMIR MEHBOOB 1. MEENAKSHI PILLAI BCA III A
2. POORNIMA KB BCA III B
 LEADERSHIP

• Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize

efficiency and to achieve organizational goals .It is a process of influencing
the behavior of people at work towards the achievement of specified goal.

• According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to

seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which
binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.”
The following elements must be present in the leadership:
 
a) It is the process of influence. The influence is always for achievement of common goal.
b) There must be minimum two or more persons present.
c) Influencing your own behavior is not leadership. 

Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior
and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation.
Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence
and zeal.
 
Leadership is the potential to influence behavior of others. It is also defined as the
capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to
develop future visions, and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the
visions.
 
FEATURES OF LEADERSHIP

• Indicates the ability of an individual to influence others.

• Tries to bring change in behavior.
• Shows interpersonal relationship between leader and followers.
• To achieve common goal.
• Continuous process.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIP

• It is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers

towards attainment of goals.
• It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person which includes intelligence, maturity
and personality.
• It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.  
• A leader is involved in shaping and molding the behavior of the group towards
accomplishment of organizational goals.
• Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon
tackling with the situation.
 IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP

Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the

work by communicating the policies and plans to the
subordinates from where the work actually starts.

Motivation- A leader motivates the employees with

economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets
the work from the subordinates.
 Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for
the subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have
to perform their work effectively and efficiently.

 Creating confidence- Confidence can be achieved through expressing the work efforts
to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to
achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards
to their complaints and problems.

 
 Building morale- Morale denotes willing co-operation of the employees towards their
work and getting them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale
booster by achieving full co-operation so that they perform with best of their abilities
as they work to achieve goals.
 
 Builds work environment- Management is getting things done from people. An
efficient work environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human
relations should be kept into mind by a leader. He should have personal
contacts with employees and should listen to their problems and solve them. He
should treat employees on humanitarian terms.

 Co-ordination- Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal

interests with organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved
through proper and effective co-ordination which should be primary motive of
a leader.
 STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

• Leadership styles refer to a leader’s behavioural pattern. A

leadership style is the result of the leader’s philosophy,
personality and experience and value system. Leadership
styles depend upon the type of followers and the
atmosphere prevailing in the organization.

• A leader may use all styles of leadership at different

periods of time, but one style tend to predominate his/her
personality.
On the basis of how leaders use their power, leadership style can be
classified into twelve broad categories:

Different Styles of leadership are:

 
1. Authoritative leadership Style (Autocratic)
2. Participative leadership Style (Democratic)
3. Free Rein leadership Style (Laissez Fair)
4. Strategic Leadership Style
5. Transformational Leadership
6. Team Leadership
7. Cross-Cultural Leadership
8. Facilitative Leadership
9. Transactional Leadership
10.Coaching Leadership
11.Charismatic Leadership
12.Visionary Leadership
1. AUTOCRATIC OR AUTHORITATIVE LEADERSHIP

(Boss centered leadership) An autocratic leader

exercises complete control over the subordinates.
He centralizes power in himself and takes all
decisions without consulting the subordinates. He
does not delegate authority. The leader gives order
and expects the subordinates to follow them
unquestioningly. He gives reward and puts penalty
to direct the subordinates.
ADVANTAGES
 
 Quick decision making.
 Provides strong motivation and satisfaction are needed at lower level.
 May bring positive result when great speed is required.

DISADVANTAGES
 Leads to frustration and low moral among subordinates.
 Initiative level of subordinates goes down.
 Potential and creativity of subordinates takes place.
 No development of subordinates takes place.
SUITABILITY

 
Autocratic style of leadership is suitable when:

 Subordinates are uneducated, unskilled, lack of knowledge and experience

on part of subordinates. 

 Company follows fear and punishment disciplinary technique.

 Leader prefers to be dominant in decision making. 

 Leader prefers to be dominant in decision making.

 
Now-a-days this style is less desirable as employees are becoming more educated
and well-organised.
 

Examples

Adolf Hitler: He discouraged his cabinet to meet independently. He expected

absolute obedience from his cabinet members.
2. DEMOCRATIVE OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP

(Group Centered) Under this style leader takes

decisions in consultation and participation with
employees. He delegates and decentralizes the
authority. Leader follows the opinion of
majority. He provides freedom of thinking and
expression. He listens to the suggestions,
grievances and opinion of the subordinates.
ADVANTAGES
 Improves the job satisfaction and morale of employees.
 Improves decision making ability of subordinates.
 Develops positive attitude and reduces labour turnover and labour absenteeism.

 
DISADVANTAGES
 Time-consuming and may result in decision.
 It may not yield positive result when subordinates prefer minimum interaction with
the leader.
 Leader may pass the work to subordinates and abdicate responsibility.
 Consultation with subordinates, may be considered as sign of incompetence of
leader.
SUITABILITY

This style is suitable.

 When goal of company is to increase job satisfaction and independence of

employees.
 When leader wants to share decision making with the subordinates.
 When subordinates have accepted the goal of organization.

Example:

Narayan Murthy: Under his guidance employees of Infosys were encouraged to

communicate freely with each other and give suggestions.
3. FREE-REIN OR LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADERSHIP

This style involves complete delegation

of authority. So that subordinates
themselves take decision. In this style,
leader avoids power. He serves only as
a contact to bring information and
resources needed by the subordinates.
ADVANTAGES
 
 Positive effect on the job satisfaction and morale and subordinates.
 Maximum scope for development of subordinates.
 Full utilization of potential and capacity of employees.

 
DISADVANTAGES
 
 Subordinates do not get the guidance and support of the leader.
 It ignores the contribution of leader.
 Subordinates may work in different direction and result in chaos.
SUITABILITY

 
This style is suitable when:

 Subordinates are well trained and highly knowledgeable .

 Subordinates are self motivated and are ready to assume responsibility.

 
 4. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP STYLE

Strategic leadership is one that involves a leader who is essentially the head of an
organization. The strategic leader is not limited to those at the top of the organization.
It is geared to a wider audience at all levels who want to create a high performance life,
team or organization.

The strategic leader fills the gap between the need for new possibility and the need for
practicality by providing a prescriptive set of habits.  An effective strategic leadership
delivers the goods in terms of what an organization naturally expects from its leadership
in times of change. 55% of this leadership normally involves strategic thinking .
 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Unlike other leadership styles, transformational leadership is all about initiating

change in organizations, groups, oneself and others.

Transformational leaders motivate others to do more than they originally intended

and often even more than they thought possible. They set more challenging
expectations and typically achieve higher performance.

Statistically, transformational leadership tends to have more committed and

satisfied followers. This is mainly so because transformational leaders empower
followers.
 6. TEAM LEADERSHIP

Team leadership involves the creation of a vivid picture of its future, where it is
heading and what it will stand for. The vision inspires and provides a strong sense
of purpose and direction.

Team leadership is about working with the hearts and minds of all those involved.
It also recognizes that teamwork may not always involve trusting cooperative
relationships. The most challenging aspect of this leadership is whether or not it
will succeed. Team leadership may fail because of poor leadership qualities.
 7. CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP

This form of leadership normally exists where there are various cultures in the
society. This leadership has also industrialized as a way to recognize front runners
who work in the contemporary globalized market.

Organizations, particularly international ones require leaders who can effectively

adjust their leadership to work in different environs. Most of the leaderships
observed in the United States are cross-cultural because of the different cultures
that live and work there.
 8. FACILITATIVE LEADERSHIP

Facilitative leadership is too dependent on measurements and outcomes – not a skill,

although it takes much skill to master. The effectiveness of a group is directly
related to the efficacy of its process. If the group is high functioning, the
facilitative leader uses a light hand on the process.

On the other hand, if the group is low functioning, the facilitative leader will be more
directives in helping the group run its process. An effective facilitative leadership
involves monitoring of group dynamics, offering process suggestions and interventions
to help the group stay on track.
 9. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP

This is a leadership that maintains or continues the status quo. It is also the leadership that
involves an exchange process, whereby followers get immediate, tangible rewards for
carrying out the leader’s orders. Transactional leadership can sound rather basic, with its
focus on exchange.

Being clear, focusing on expectations, giving feedback are all important leadership skills.,
transactional leadership behaviors can include: clarifying what is expected of followers’
performance; explaining how to meet such expectations; and allocating rewards that are
contingent on meeting objectives.
 10. COACHING LEADERSHIP

Coaching leadership involves teaching and supervising followers. A

coaching leader is highly operational in setting where results/
performance require improvement.

Basically, in this kind of leadership, followers are helped to improve their

skills. Coaching leadership does the following: motivates followers,
inspires followers and encourages followers.
 11. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

In this leadership, the charismatic leader manifests his or her revolutionary

power. Charisma does not mean sheer behavioral change. It actually involves a
transformation of followers’ values and beliefs.

Therefore, this distinguishes a charismatic leader from a simply populist

leader who may affect attitudes towards specific objects, but who is not
prepared as the charismatic leader is, to transform the underlying normative
orientation that structures specific attitudes.
 12. VISIONARY LEADERSHIP

This form of leadership involves leaders who recognize that the methods,
steps and processes of leadership are all obtained with and through people.
Most great and successful leaders have the aspects of vision in them.

However, those who are highly visionary are the ones considered to be
exhibiting visionary leadership. Outstanding leaders will always transform their
visions into realities.