Introduction to

Ultrasonic – Sensors
Block Diagram

Transducer

Decoupling layer

Integral foam Piezo ceramic

Ultrasonic Signal- Output

transducer processing

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Physical Basics
Infra Audible Ultra Hypersonic

Velocity of sound c (m/s)

Pressure
[hPa]

Temperature [°C)

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Characteristics of Ultrasonic
• detects objects which reflect or absorb sound
Proximity Switches
• operation distance up to 12 m

• reaction time > 35 ms

• max ambient temperature 70 °C

• max. protection class IP 67

• lower noise immunity

• not sensitve to dirt

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Advantages/Disadvantages
• Advantages
• detects solids, fluids, granulat
• insensitiv against dust
• no reduction factor ==> switching distance is no function of material
(except foam, foamed material)
• possibility to change the direction of the signal

• Disadvantages/Problems
• sensitiv against enviromental conditions (temperature, pressure, ...)
• blind range
• switching distance is a function of the form of the target

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Accuracy, Repeatability and
Linearity
• For the absolute accuracy you have to consider the environmental
conditions
• air temperature changes the sound speed of 0.17%/K
• A variation in atmospheric pressure of ± 5 % => ±0.6% difference of the
sound speed
• humidity (approx. +2% sound speed at high degree of saturation humidity)
• influences of turbulent air and temperature sections in the air between
sensor and target
• Tolerances of the electronic components and damping effects of the
transducer
• Generally you can reach an accuracy of < 2%.
• The repeatability and the linearity is < 0.1%.

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Characteristics UB6000
D
C
+20°
B

+10° A

0°

-10°

A = Plane plate, 700 x 700 mm

B = Plane plate, 100 x 100 mm
C = Felt pipe,  160 mm
D = Round bar,  25 mm
5m 6m 7m 8m 9m 10 m

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Angular Displacement
Level Control

3°
.

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Diffuse Reflection

45°
a x.
m

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