UNITS &

MEASUREMENT
PRESENTED BY :- SAURABH SINGH
SUDIPTA SARKAR
Unit of measurement
• A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined
and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for
measurement of the same kind of quantity.
Fundamental units
• The fundamental units are the units of
the fundamental quantities, as
defined by the International System of
Units.
• They are not dependent upon any
other units, and all other units are
derived from them.
Derived units
• Some units are expressed in
terms of other units, which are
derived from fundamental units
are known as derived units.
System of units
• There are four system of units:-
1. C.G.S. Units
2. F.P.S. Units
3. M.K.S. Units
4. S.I. Units
Length measurement
Distance is a numerical measurement of how far apart objects or
points are.
Length is a measure of distance.
SI unit:- meter (m)
Dimension:- L
Vernier Caliper
A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of
an object.
Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a precision to 0.01 mm.
Using Vernier caliper
Micro meter
• Micrometers use the screw to transform small distances (that are too small to
measure directly) into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read
from a scale.
• The accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread-forms that
are central to the core of its design.
• The amount of rotation of an
accurately made screw can be directly
and precisely correlated to a certain
amount of axial movement (and vice
versa), through the constant known as
the screw's lead.
• A screw's lead is the distance it moves
forward axially with one complete
turn (360°).
• With an appropriate lead and major
diameter of the screw, a given amount
of axial movement will be amplified in
the resulting circumferential
movement.
Feeler gauge
• A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler gauges are mostly
used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts.
• They consist of a number of small lengths of steel of different thicknesses with
measurements marked on each piece.
Surveyor’s wheel
• The surveyor's wheel is marked in
fractional increments of revolution
from a reference position.
• Thus its current position can be
represented as a fraction of a
revolution from this reference.
• If the wheel rotated a full turn (360
angular degrees), the distance
traveled would be equal to the
circumference of the wheel
Angle
measurement
• Sine Bar is made up of High Carbon
steel, High Chromium(Corrosion
resistance), and Hardened.
• It contains Two rollers with the Steel
Bar.
• When we place the Sine bar on the
truly flat surface, The axes of the two
rollers are parallel to each other and
also parallel to the upper face of the
Sine bar.
Volume measurement
• Volume is the quantity of three-
dimensional space enclosed by a
closed surface.
• SI Unit: - Cubic meter
• Dimension: - L³
• Other units: - Litre, Gallon
• A measuring cup can be used to
measure volumes of liquids.
Graduated cylinder
• A graduated cylinder is a common
piece of laboratory
equipment used to measure the
volume of a liquid.
• It has a narrow cylindrical shape.
• Each marked line on the graduated
cylinder represents the amount of
liquid that has been measured.
Velocity measurement
• The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with
respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.
• Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and direction
are needed to define it.
• SI Unit: - m/s
• Symbol: - v
• Dimension: - LT¯¹
Anemometer
• An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind
speed and direction.
•  It is also a common weather station instrument.
• Types of anemometer:-
1. Cup anemometer
2. Vane anemometer
3. Hot-wire anemometer
Cup anemometers
• The air flow past the cups in any horizontal
direction turned the shaft at a rate that was
roughly proportional to the wind speed.
• So counting the turns of the shaft over a set time
interval produced a value proportional to the
average wind speed for a wide range of speeds.
Vane anemometers
• It may be described as a windmill or a
propeller anemometer.
• It combines a propeller and a tail on
the same axis to obtain accurate and
precise wind speed and direction
measurements.
• The speed of the fan is measured by a
rev counter and converted to a wind
speed by an electronic chip.
Altitude measurement
•  Altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction,
between a reference datum and a point or object.
• An altimeter or an altitude meter is an instrument used to measure
the altitude of an object above a fixed level. The measurement of altitude is
called altimetry.
Pressure altimeter
• Altitude can be determined based on
the measurement of atmospheric
pressure.
• The greater the altitude, the lower the
pressure.
• Aneroid capsules thin corrugated
metallic bellows from which air has
been exhausted.
• These capsules expand when the
outside air pressure falls and contract
when the outside air pressure rises.
Tilt measurement
• A tilt meter is designed to measure very small
changes from the vertical level, either on the ground
or in structures.
• It uses a simple bubble level principle.
• Electrodes senses the exact position of the bubble in
the electrolytic solution, to a high degree of
precision.
• Any small changes in the level are recorded using a
standard data logger.
• This arrangement is quite insensitive to temperature.
THANK YOU