Module 1

Problems
Example 1
• If 20 MHz of the total bandwidth is allocated for a duplex
channels in a cellular wireless system with frequency
reuse factor 4 and each simplex channel is 25 kHz radio
frequency bandwidth, and then find
(a) the available number of duplex channels,
(b) the number of channels per cell, and
(c) if the system allocates 40 kHz bandwidth for guard band,
then what will be the effective number of available duplex
channels for voice communication?
 Solution

(a)Number of duplex channels = 20 MHz / 2 × 25 kHz = 400

channels.

(b) Total number of channels per cell = 400/N = 400/4 = 100.

(c) Number of duplex channels considering 40 kHz guard

band = (20000 ‒ 40) / 50 ≅ 399.
Example 2
Consider a metropolitan city with total area of 2500 km² is
covered by hexagonal cellular cell array with 7 cells reuse
pattern. The radius of each cell is 6 km. The cellular system has
been allocated total bandwidth of 25 MHz and full duplex
channel bandwidth of 30 kHz, total 40 kHz guard band is used as
in FDMA system, there are total 16 control channels. Determine

(a)the number of cells in the service area,

(b)
the number of channels without frequency reuse, and
(c)the cell capacity.
.
 Solution
•a)  Area of hexagonal cell of 6 km radius:
AP = AO sin 30⁰ = 3 km
OP = AO cos 30⁰ = 3 3 km
Area of OP
= 33
=9 3 km²
Area of Hexagonal cell = 6 9 3 km²
=93.53 km²
Total Area = 2500 km²
Total No. of cells = 2500/93.53=26.72
≅ 26
b) No. of channels without frequency reuse
= (total BW – guard band)/ channel BW
= ( 25000 KHz – 40 KHz)/ 30KHz
= 832 channels

c)No. of data channels per cluster

= total channel – control channel
= (832-16) = 816 channels
Cell capacity = no. of available channel per cell
= 816/7 = 116.57
≅ 116
 Example 3
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
• Cluster size = 7, uniform cell size
• User density = 100 users /km²
• Allocated frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHz
• Bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink
• Modulation code rate = 1bps/Hz
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much BW is available per cell using FDD?
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is cell area?
4. What is cell radius, assuming circular cells?
 Example 3
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
• Cluster size = 7, uniform cell size
• User density = 100 users /km²
• Allocated frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHz
• Bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink
• Modulation code rate = 1bps/Hz
B. If the available spectrum is divided into 35 channels and
TDMA is employed within each channel:
1. What is BW and data rate per channel.
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support
the required number of users?
3. If TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?
 Solution
•   Using FDMA/FDD:
A.
1. Allocated frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHZ
Total BW available = 949-900 = 49 MHz
BW available per cell = 49/7 = 7 MHz per cell
FDD : BW available = 3.5 MHz per uplink and
3.5 MHz per downlink

2. No. of users supported per cell using FDMA:

Modulation code rate = 1bps/Hz
so, 1bps = 1 Hz
Bit rate required per user = 10 kbps per uplink/downlink
= 10 kHz
here, 3.5 Mz = (1 3.5 MHz) / 10 KHz
= 350 users per cell
 Solution
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
3. Cell Area:
User density = 100 users /km²
i.e. 100 users in per sq. KM
for 350 users per cell ,
Area = 350/100 = 3.5 km² per cell

4. Cell radius :
Assuming circular cells:
πr² = 3.5 km² per cell
r = 1.056 km
 Solution
B. For TDMA
1. Total channels = 35
Total BW = 3.5 MHz per uplink / downlink
Modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz
Data Rate = 3.5 Mbps
Now, total BW per channel = 3.5 MHz / 35 = 100 KHz or
Total Data Rate per channel = 100 Kbps
2. Time slot required to support required number of users.
Total No. of users = 350 per cell
No. of users per channel = 350/35 = 10 users
To support 10 users per channel, Total slots = 10
 Solution
B. For TDMA
3.
1 TDMA frame = 10 ms (given)
1 user slot in TDMA frame = 1ms

4. Bit transmitted in each time slot:

bit rate = 100 kbps

i.e. 1sec = 100 kb
1 ms = 100 /1000 kb
= 0.1 kb = 100 bits
or 100 bits per slot
 Exercise
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
• Cluster size = 9, uniform cell size
• User density = 100 users /km²
• Allocated frequency spectrum = 900-945MHz
• Bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink
• Modulation code rate = 2 bps/Hz
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much BW is available per cell using FDD?
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is cell area?
4. What is cell radius, assuming circular cells?
 Exercise
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
• Cluster size = 9, uniform cell size
• User density = 100 users /km²
• Allocated frequency spectrum = 900-945MHz
• Bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink
• Modulation code rate = 2 bps/Hz
B. If the available spectrum is divided into 100 channels and
TDMA is employed within each channel:
1. What is BW and data rate per channel.
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support
the required number of users?
3. If TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?
Example 4

• Bandwidth of 33MHz is allocated to particular FDD

cellular system, where two 25 KHz simplex channel to
provide full-duplex for voice /data.
• Compute the number of channels per cell if a system
uses
• 4 cell reuse
• 7 cell reuse
• 12 cell reuse
Solution

• Total BW = 33 MHz
• Channel BW = 25 KHz * 2 = 50KHz/duplex channel
• Total channels = 33,000/50 = 660 channels
• For N= 4, k = 660/4 = 165 channels
• For N = 7, k =660/7 = 95 channels
• For N = 12, k= 660/12 = 55 channels