Internetworking

• by
• Kudang B. Seminar
 What is
Internetworking?
• Internetworking : suatu bentuk
hubungan, kerjasama atau kemitraan
yang mendayagunakan TI (teknologi
informasi) berbasis jaringan (internet,
intranet, ekstranet)
• Trend: menuju pada Internetworked
Enterprises (B-to-B, B-to-C, G-to-G, G-
to-B, G-to-C)
Sociotechnologic
al Organization
Structures
Environment

Managemen Information
t Business
Systems
Strategies Processes and
Technologie
s

People and
Cultures
 How Information Technology
Support The Globalization of
Business?

Drives of Competitive Competitive

Change Environment Response Implementatio
n
Globalizatio
n Efficient Global
Business The
Global Networked
Operation Global
Markets
Technology and Alliances Corporation
 Developing Networked
Organizational Applications
• Not just a technical issue
• Not just a social issue
• Goal: Seamless internetworking of the
enterprise and its enabling networked
technologies
 Shift of Paradigm in
Business: Towards Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI)

Video Cable-
Conference Television
E-Mail
Merging of Computing
& Communications Phone/
LAN/
Celullar
WAN
Fax Voice Pagers
mail
 Businesses’ Trend

• Becoming internetworked
enterprises
• Supported by computer networks to
allow fast & accurate data exchange
and expansion of business scale
with better coordination, and
cooperation
• Widely distributed enterprises
connected via MAN, WAN, LAN
 Trend of Telecommunication
Technology
Toward the use of the Internet and other
open and interconnected local & global
digital networks for multimedia with
heavy use of high speed fiber optic
lines and satellite channels to form a
global information superhighway
system.
system
Information Superhighway
An advanced high speed Internet-like
network that connects individual
households, businesses, government
agencies, libraries, schools, universities,
and other institutions with interactive
voice, video, data and multimedia
communications.
 ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network)

A network that provides integrated

services of data exchange in various
forms: voice, video, data, images, and
multimedia communications.
 Business
Telecommunications
Telecommunications: sending of
information (voice, data, text, and
images) from place to another.
Telecommunications
supported by
Networks
include

Enterprise Electronic Internal

Collaboration Commerce Business
Systems Systems Systems
 Enterprise Collaboration
Systems
• E-Mail
• Voice Mail
• Discussions Forums
• Data Conferencing
• Voice Conferencing
• Video Conferencing
• Electronic Meeting
Enterprise Collaboration Systems
 Electronic Commerce
Systems
• On-Line POS (Point of Sale)
• Web Retailing & Wholesaling
• EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
• E-Funds Transfer
• E-Banking
• Interactive Marketing
• Supply Chain Management
Scope of E-Commerce
E-Commerce Architecture
 Internal Business Systems
• Internal Transaction Processing
• Inquiry Processing
• Intranet Web Publishing
• Workflow Systems
• Activity Monitoring
• Process Control
• Management Support Systems
Product Development Process
Enterprise Application Architecture
Mobile Banking Systems
Mobile Banking Systems
 Business Value of
Internetworking
• Overcome geographic barriers

• Overcome time barriers

• Overcome cost barriers

• Overcome structural barriers

Internet, Intranet, Extranet
Layered System View

Intranet Corporate members

Extranet Clients, partners, customers

Internet Global society: competitors

 What is Internet?
• a worldwide system of computer networks
• a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining
facility accessible to hundreds of millions
of people worldwide
• use a set of protocols called Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
 What is Intranet?
• Networks connecting an affiliated set of
clients
• Using standard Internet Protocols,
especially TCP/IP and HTTP, and some
FTP
• IP-based network of nodes behind a set of
firewalls
 What is Extranet?
• part of a company's intranet that is
extended to users outside the company
• securely share part of a business's
information or operations with suppliers,
vendors, partners, customers, or other
businesses
 How Does Intranet Work?

Establish an internal network

• Via LAN (Local Area Network)
• Via WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Via MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
which rely on ISDN (Integrated Services of
Digital Network)

When TCP/IP protocols are set up, web servers &

browsers can be installed to give access to the
Intranet.
 FASILITAS INTERNET
• E-mail: person-to-person messaging
• Telnet: logon on into a remote computer (remote
login)
• Chatting: interactive conversations
• WWW (World Wide Web): retrieve, format, & display
information (text, audio, graphics, video) using
hypertext links
• BBS (Bulletin Board System): discussion groups
• Archive: search database of documents, software
• WAIS: Locate files in databases using keywords
 What Tools are in Intranet?
• A decision-making tool
• A complete communication tool
• An expert’s tool
• A customer tool
• A human resource tool
 Benefits of Intranet

• Cost-effective communication in corporate

• Fostering actual/real interaction of
knowledge
• Providing more flexibility in human’s
abilities to do jobs
• Promoting secure system of access &
interaction
• Becoming corporate communication tools
 Corporate can use Extranet for
• Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) or XML
• Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those
"in the trade"
• Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts
• Jointly develop and use training programs with other
companies
• Provide or access services provided by one company to a
group of other companies, such as an online banking
application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated
banks
• Share news of common interest exclusively with partner
companies
 Security for Intra- & Extra-net
• require firewall server management, the
issuance and use of digital certificates or
similar means of user authentication,
encryption of messages, and the use of
virtual private networks (VPN) that tunnel
through the public network.
 Customer Relationship
Management (CRM)
• an information industry term for methodologies,
software, and usually Internet capabilities that help
an enterprise manage customer relationships in an
organized and efficient manner

• an enterprise builds a database that describes

relationships in sufficient detail so that
management, salespeople, and customer service
reps can access information; match customer needs
with product plans and offerings; remind customers
of service requirements; know what other products a
customer had purchased; etc.
Supply chain management (SCM)
• the oversight of materials, information, and
finances as they move in a process from
supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer
to consumer
• involves coordinating and integrating these flows
both within and among companies
• ultimate goal of any effective supply chain
management system is to reduce inventory (with
the assumption that products are available when
needed)
• Related to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Three types of flows in SCM
• The product flow
• The information flow
• The finances flow
Internetworking for Business
Functions
Kudang B. Seminar
 What Are Business Functions?
• Accounting
• Finance
• HRM (Human Resource Management)
• Production & Operations Management
• Marketing
• Resource (buildings, equipment, tools)
Planning & Management
 What Are Operational Business
Functions?

• Operating & Executing Tasks

• Reporting
• Scheduling
• Observing
 Characteristics of Operational
Business Functions
• Covering short-term period
• Involving short & quick analysis
• Observing current information
• Requiring fast, secure, & easy data access
from internal sources
• Covering regular & structured actions
• Involving a small group of specialized people
 What Are Managerial Business
Functions?
• Monitoring & Analyzing
• Directing & Controlling
• Validating & Securing
• Generating & Selecting Alternatives
• Planning & Forecasting
• Maintaining, Retrieving, & Distributing
Crucial Information
• Brainstorming
 Characteristics of Managerial
Business Functions
• Covering short-, medium-, & long-term period
• Involving comprehensive analysis
• Observing past, current, & future information
• Requiring fast, secure, & easy data access from
internal & external sources
• Covering regular & irregular (ad-hoc) actions
• Involving group of inter- discipline, department,
division, background & interest, culture, role, &
expertise
 Accounting
• Order Processing
• Inventory Control
• Accounts Receivable
• Accounts Payable
• Payroll
• General Ledger
 Finance
• Cash Management
• Credit Management
• Investment Management
• Capital Budgeting
• Financial Forecasting
 HRM
• Compensation Analysis
• Employ Skills Inventory
• Personnel Requirement Forecasting
• Merit Systems
• Recruitment
• Education, training, and upgrading
 Production Operations
• Manufacturing Resource Planning
• Manufacturing Execution Systems
• Process Control
• Operation Scheduling
• Quality Control
 Marketing
Marketing Info.
Systems

Interactive Market Research Sales

Marketing & Forecasting Management

Product
Sales Force Management
Advertising &
Automation Promotion
Customer Service
& Support
Mass Marketing Direct
Marketing
 Modes of Marketing
Mass Marketing Direct Marketing Interactive
Marketing

Distribution Broadcast & print Postal service Internet, Extranet,

Channels media Intranet

Market Strategy High volume Targeted goods Targeted audience

Enabling Story boards & Databases & Web servers &

Technology desktop publishing statistical tools browsers,
netcasting,
discussion forums
Author of Ad agencies Ad agencies & Companies &
Marketing companies consumers
Materials
Expected Volume sales Profitable sales, Data for analysis,
Outcome data for analysis relationships, new
product ideas,
profitable volume
sales
 Channels for Improving Business
Functions
• Collaboration & participation
• Distribution & coordination
• Communication
• Concurrency/Parallelism
• Resource Sharing
• Re-engineering
 Examples of Internetworking that Supports
Reengineering of Business Process
• Prospect tracking and management systems using corporate
intranets
• Portable sales force automation systems using the Internet &
Extranets
• Portable networking for field and customer site communication
via Internet or Extranet
• Web-based Expert systems for configuration, shipping, and
pricing
• Predictive modeling for continuous product replenishment
based on broad market needs
• Customer, supplier, product & production databases
• …
 Internetworking for Strategic
Advantage
Kudang B. Seminar

08/06/08 Kudang B. Seminar 51

 Fundamentals of Strategic
Advantage
• An enterprise must survive in the
globally competitive era
• Internetworking can change the way
businesses compete
• Internetworking is designed &
implemented as vital competitive networks
that help an enterprise achieve its
strategic objectives

08/06/08 Kudang B. Seminar 52

 Information Systems as a
Strategic Resource
Competitive Marketplace

Externally
Strategic

Company A
Internally Company B
Strategic Inter-Firm
Strategic
Focus
08/06/08 “Alliance”
Kudang B. Seminar 53
 Competitive Forces

• Rivalry of competitors within its industry

• Threats of new entrants,
• Threats of substitutes,
• The bargaining power of customers, and
• The bargaining power of suppliers
 Competitive Strategies

• Cost Leadership Strategy

• Differentiation Strategy
• Innovation Strategy
• Growth Strategies
• Alliance Strategies

08/06/08 Kudang B. Seminar 55

 Cost Leadership Strategy
• Become a low cost producer of products
and services
• Find ways to help suppliers or customers
reduce their costs
• Increase the costs of competitors.
 Differentiation Strategy
• Develop ways to differentiate products and
services from competitors.
• Reduce the differentiation advantages of
competitors.
 Innovation Strategy
• Develop new products & services
• Enter new markets or marketing segments
• Establish new business alliances
• Find new ways of producing
products/services
• Find new ways of distributing
products/services
 Growth Strategies
• Significantly expand the company’s
capacity to produce goods and services
• Expand into global markets
• Diversify into new products and services
• Integrate into related products and
services.
 Alliance Strategies

• Establish new business linkages and

alliances with customers, suppliers,
competitors, consultants and other
companies (mergers, acquisitions, joint
ventures, forming virtual companies, etc.).
 Breaking Business Barriers

• Break time barriers.

• Break geographic barriers.
• Break cost barriers.
• Break structural barriers.
 Break structural barriers

• Internetworking can help a business

develop strategic relationships by
establishing new electronic linkages with
customers, suppliers, and other business
entities.
 Creating a Virtual Company (VC)
VC is an organization that uses information
technology to link people, assets, and ideas.

• Adaptability
• Opportunism
• Excellence
Characteristics
• Technology
• Borderless
• Trust-based
 Business strategies of VC
• Share infrastructure and risk
• Link complementary core competencies
• Reduce concept to cash time through
sharing
• Increase facilities and market coverage.
• Gain access to new markets and share
market or customer loyalty
• Migrate from selling products to selling
solutions.
 Using the Inter-, Intra-, Extra-net
Strategically

• Cost and Efficiency Improvements

• Performance Improvement in Business
Effectiveness
• Global Market Penetration
• Product and Service Transformation
• System Security
 Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce: Buying and selling of information, products,

and services via computer networks that
make up Internet, Intranet, or Extranet

Perspective To deliver info., products/services & payments over

the telephone, communication networks or other
• Comunications means

• Bussiness To automate bussiness transactions and work

flows
• Service
To cut service costs while improving the quality of
• Online goods and increasing the speed of service delivery

To provide capability of buying and selling

products & information over the Internet and other
online services
 Business models on the Web
A business model is the method of doing business by which a
company can sustain itself -- that is, generate revenue

The basic categories of business models include:

Brokerage
Advertising
Infomediary
Merchant

Manufacturer (Direct)

Affiliate
Community
Subscription
Utility
WebBisModels.doc
Organizational Applications

Consumer - Enterprise

Enterprise -
Consumer - Consumer Enterprise

Department -
Department
 Other Apps
• Departmental Apps
– OLTP
– Workflow
• Enterprise Apps
– ERP
– Decision Support
– Knowledge Management
• Electronic Commerce
 Questions
• How standardized are organizational
processes?
– Customer service
– Finance
– Manufacturing
• Is software a good way to propagate
best practices?
 Electronic commerce
• Two varieties:
– Supply chain management: extension of
ongoing business processes to suppliers
and customers
– Marketplace: dynamic, opportunistic
transactions conducted over the network
• Question:
– What are some characteristics of these
options, in terms similar to social
applications?
 Electronic marketplace
• Matching buyers and sellers
– Deferred-publication style
– Recommender systems
• Negotiating terms
– Task or work group
– Electronic auctions
• Consummation
– Electronic payments and fulfillment
• Customer service
 Payment options

• Account transfer authorization

• Credit/debit card
• Digital cash
• Privacy
• Security
 Recommender systems
• Extend and systematize the “reference”
• Suggest coupled sales
• Customer service:
– discussion forums
– knowledge bases
 Mass customization
• Requires supply chain management
• Just-in-time production
• Supplier component integration (e.g.
Dell)
 Superstore
• Dynamic consolidation of multiple
suppliers
• Major application of XML
– Consistent presentation
 Information Supply Chains
Off-line Info On-line Info

Mass Communication Text

Word-of-Mouth Image
Sound
Personal Communication

Referral Recommender
Systems Systems
Search Engines
 Motivation
• Recommender Systems
– Find things liked by people who are similar to you.
– Books, Albums, Movies and so on.

• Information Retrieval systems

• Store, index, and search the human knowledge in
the forms of text, image, and sound.
• Web search engines.

• Much valuable information might not be online

– Economic aspect: Value of information is partly
determined by how hard it is to find!
– Social aspect: People may be reluctant to state
sensitive information publicly; for example,
• "Does Ford make good cars?"
• "Does Smith do good research?"
 Searching Social Networks
• Where is this kind of information?
• Resides in the informal person-to-person social
networks.
• Much information exists in people’s heads as
private knowledge.
• Can only be accessed by asking a person.

• How do people find an appropriate service or person?

• Approach: through referrals (Jenny ->Neon -> Mark).
• Finding the relevant referrals is not always easy!
– Can we automate the process using software
agents?
 Software Agents
• Software agents
• Computer programs which can perform a set of
tasks autonomously for their users.
• Know enough about its user and her activities &
context to be genuinely helpful.
• Properties
• Autonomy
• Pro-activeness
• Reactivity
• Social Ability

• Multiagent systems
– A subarea of Distributed Artificial Intelligence
(DAI).
– A set of computer programs which can cooperate
to solve inherently distributed problems.
 Referral Systems
• A multiagent system for modeling, visualizing, and
searching social networks
– Each user is assigned an agent, and the agents
cooperate to search social networks by giving and
following referrals.

• The agent generates and updates the information of its

user and neighbors
– Scans (all) private email and files
– Indexes keywords and phrases
– Creates list of acquaintance models

• The agent matches requests against the profile

– Using information retrieval techniques and only
forward relevant messages to their users.

82
Global View of Referral Systems
 Internetworking in Global
Management
Kudang B. Seminar

08/06/08 Kudang B. Seminar 84

 Global IT Management
Global IT Management

Cultural, Political, Geo-economic challenges

Business/IT Application Technology Data Systems

Strategies Portfolios Platforms Management Development
 Global Company

A global company is a business that is driven by

a global strategy which enables to plan and treat
all its activities in the context of a whole-world
system, and therefore serve its local and global
customers with excellence.
 Towards a Global Company
Today Global
Geographic Concept Business Concept
Centralization/Decentralization Any Place
Mechanistic Holistic
Isolationism Low Boundaries
Not Invented Here Network of Trust
Geographic Presence Cultural Fit
Central Controllers Core Connectors
Replication of Resources Economic of Scales
Stove Pipe Connection Great Network
Communications
Short Term View Long Term View
 Business Drivers for Global IT

• Global customer
• Global products
• Global operations
• Global resources
• Global collaboration
 Global IT Platforms

• Internet or Internet-Like
• High computing systems
• Cyber & International Laws
• Information/Data Encryption & Decryption
• Open Systems
• GDSS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (DBMS)

• by
• Kudang B. Seminar, PhD
• e-mail: kseminar@bima.ipb.ac.id
Database sebagai Komponen Vital
Sistem Informasi
R E DA
A TA
INW W
AR
R A Performance
B E
Control System

S H
O A
F Data Process Info R
T D
W
W
A A
R R
E Data Store E
NETWARE
 Data vs Information

Data: raw facts or observations

Information : data that have

been transformed into a
meaningful and useful context
for specific end users
Data Information
Data Sales person
Data
Sales Values
Sales Analysis
Processing
Sales Units
Sample Business Application
Sample Tabular View of Sales
Sample Pivot Chart for Sale Analysis
Akusisi Data Geografis
Data Geografis Yang Tersimpan
Produk Informasi Geografis
 Basis Data (Database)
Koleksi terpadu dari data-data yang saling
berkaitan yang dirancang untuk suatu
enterprise.

Data
Alumni
Data
Dosen

Data
Data Mkul
Mhs
 Analisis Kebutuhan Data
(Data Requirement
Analyisis)
• Think and conceptualize business objects and logic
• Identify information needed -> then what data are needed
• Formulate what computer applications are needed?
Dokumentasikan hasil Analisis dengan Alat
Bantu Permodelan (Modeling Tools)
 Kasus Contoh: Data Requirement
Analysis
Forward Support Analysis

Sources of Supporting Supporting Management Management

Data Data Information Objectives Functions

Backward Requirement Analysis

• BAAK • KRS • Academic Progress • Monitoring Student Progress … • Monitoring

• Faculty • Transkrip • Treated Students • Directing Student Research … • Directing
• Dept. • Supervisi • Student Potentials • Planning for Remedial Efforts . • Planning
• Study • Research • Academic Problem • Acting on Remedial Plan … • Acting
Program List
Contoh Kasus: Analisis Kebutuhan Data
Mhs
Data Info Monitoring Directing Acting
KRS, IPK Kumulatif Status Akademik Warning 1, 2, 3, D.O or Extended
Transkrip Mhs rekomendasi
Minat riset & Profile minat Analisis minat riset Alokasi PTA utk Alokasi final
PTA mhs, Data riset & PTA & PTA mhs mhs PTA utk mhs
PTA mhs, Beban
PTA
Catatan riset Kemajuan Status Akademik Rekomendasi Eksekusi
mhs, Trankrip, riset mhs Mhs perlakuan perlakuan
KRS.
Catatan riset Profile Analisis kelulusan: Rekomendasi Eksekusi
mhs, Trankrip, kelulusan rerata lama studi, program akselerasi studi
KRS mhs: lama ranking akademik akselerasi studi
studi &
prestasi akad.

∑Data= ∪ ∑Info= ∪ ∑Management Functions = ∑

Data1..n Info1..n Monitoring ∪ ∑Directing ∪ ∑Acting
⇒ Mencapai Target Academic
Excellence?
 Utilisasi Vs Ketersedian
Informasi
• Ada dan Diperlukan
• Tak ada dan Diperlukan
• Ada dan Tak Diperlukan
• Tak Ada dan Tak Diperlukan
Perlu

Tak Ada Ada

Tak Perlu
 Data Acquisition &
Information Production
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Koleksi terpadu dari sekumpulan program (utilitas) yang
digunakan untuk mengakses dan merawat database

Users

DBMS
Utilitas

Database
Application Programs on Top of DBMS
Users

Application programs

DBMS

Database
 Keuntungan DBMS
• Data menjadi shareable resources bagi
berbagai user dan aplikasi
• Metoda akses, penggunaan, dan
perawatan data menjadi seragam dan
konsisten
• Pengulangan (redundancy) data dan
kemajemukan struktur data
diminimisasikan
• Ketaktergantungan data terhadap program
aplikasi (data independence)
• Hubungan/relasi logik (logical
relationship) antar data terpelihara secara
sistematik.
Conventional Data Management
Application Application

• Data merupakan milik aplikasi tertentu, akses data lintas

aplikasi menjadi sulit
• Umur data (data lifetime) tergantung kepada umur aplikasinya
• Potensi pengulangan dan inkosistensi data tinggi
• Metoda akses, penggunaan dan perawatan data cenderung
tak seragam
• Struktur data antar aplikasi berpeluang tidak kompatibel
 Examples of software tools in DBMS
• Designing : ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram), DDL (Data
Definition Language)
• Inputing & Manipulating: DML (Data Modification
Language), QL (Query Language), Multimedia processor
• Searching & Retrieving: QL (Query Language): SQL * QBE

• Converting & Squeezing: Encoder & Decoder, Data

Converter & Squeezer, Multimedia processor
• Optimizing : Data Organizer & Analyzer
• Calculating: Math & statistical functions

• Presenting: Report Generator, Multimedia Processor

Pendekatan DBMS memungkinkan berbagi guna
sumberdaya
(data, utilitas, program) antar sistem aplikasi
Multiple Systems

Shareable
Resources
 Data Management Life Cycle
• Need of changes
Real World

• Observing • Updating • Analyzing

• Identifying • Monitoring • Optimizing
• Protecting
• Browsing

• Conceptualizing • Coding
• Representing
• Structuring
Data Modeling: Methods & Tools
 Why Modeling?
Order
“Modeling captures essential
parts of the system.”
Item Dr. James Rumbaugh

Ship via

Business Process

Visual Modeling is modeling

using standard graphical
notations: chart, diagrams,
objects, symbols

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation

 Hierarchy of Data
Abstractions

View 1 View 2 … View n External Level

Conceptual Conceptual
schema Level

Internal schema Internal Level

Physical Level
Database
 Tingkatan Abstraksi Data

■ Extenal Level : describes only part of

database relevant to specific users
■ Conceptual Level : describes “what” to
store (entity & attributes) , constraints,
semantics, data integrity & security, also
relationhips among data
■ Internal Data : describes “how” data is
organized & stored (memory allocation, indexing,
compressing)
■ Physical Level : describes file structures
comprising database
 Data Model

Definition: Integrated collection of concepts,

theories, axioms, constraints for description,
organization, validation, and interpretation of
data.

Usage: a fundamental set of tools & methods

to consistently & uniformly view, organize, and
treat database .
 Types Data Models

Record-Based Object-Based
Model Model
■ Relational ■ Entity-relationship
■ Hierarchical ■ Semantic
■ Network ■ Functional
■ Object Oriented
 Relational Data Model

Representation of data as an integrated

collections of inter-related tables
 Samples of Relational Data
Field/attribute

CourseCode CourseName Credit

record SIM105 MIS 3
record AKO104 DBMS 3

ID StudentName ID CourseCode
MMA.101 Rudi Wibowo MMA.101 SIM105
MMA.102 Melinda MMA.101 AKO104
MMA.102 SIM105
Hierarchical Data Model

Representation
of data as a tree
structure (one-
to-many
relationships)
Sample of Hierarchical Data
Country

Province Province

City City
Network Data Model

Representation of
data as a network
structure (many-to-
many relationships)
Sample of Network Model
Departmen Departmen

Employee Employee

Research Work Projects

Fund Source Fund Source

 Entity Relationship Model
■ Representation of data as entity,
attribute, & relationship
■ Mainly used for conceptual modeling &
designing of database
StudentID

Student Supervise Instructor

Grade ID
Take Code Teach

Year Course
 Functional Data Model
■ Representation of data using logic:
predicate logic, proportional logic, &
functional logic
■ Mainly for expert system & Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Facts:Is-bird (pigeon) Greater-Than(Body-
Temperature-Of (?x)),
Is-bird (?x) -> Has-wings (?x)
Rules: 37) ∧ Is-human (?x)
Has-wings (?y) -> Can-fly (?y)
→
•Can-fly (pigeon)
Derived Conclusion Is-Sick (?x)
Facts: •Has-wings (pigeon)
 Object-Oriented Data Model

Encapsulation of attributes & behaviors

Inheritance of object attributes & behaviors : single or

multiple inheritance

Interobject communication by message exchange

Object Object
attribute attribute
attribute Message attribute
Behavior Behavior
Behavior Message Behavior
 Sample of Object-Oriented Model
Creature
• Breathing
• Reproducing
• Eating

Human Animal
• IS-A Creature • IS-A Creature
• Intelligent • Less Intelligent

Student Herbivor
• IS-A Human • IS-A Animal
• Enrolled in University • Eats plants

Rudi Wibowo Eli Rosida

• Instance-of Student • Instance-of Student
• Nrp: MMA.101 • Nrp: MMA.102
 Steps of Designing DBMS

• Determine what to store

• Determine what relations exists
• Determine what data services are needed
• Determine what data model is suitable
Data Warehouse
Kudang B. Seminar
 What is Data warehouse?
• Data warehouse is an architecture for
organizing IS.
• Data warehouse as a subject- oriented,
integrated, time variant, non-volatile
collection of data in support of
management’s decision making process
• Data warehouse systems consist of a set of
programs that extract data from the
operational environment, a database that
maintains data warehouse data, and systems
that provide data to users
The Goal of Data Ware House?
• to provide a "single image of
business reality" for the
organization
 Fundamental Ideas Behind the
Successful Data Warehousing

• Operational vs. Decision Support Applications: One impetus for

data warehouse is the unsuitability of traditional operational
applications for typical decision support usage patterns;
• Primitive vs. Derived Data: A critical success factor in data
warehouse design is understanding knowledge workers’ demand
demand for detailed vs. summary data;
• Time Series Data: Data warehouse often supports analysis of
trends over time and comparisons of current vs. historical data;
• Data Administration: Another critical success factor is senior
management commitment to maintenance of the quality of
corporate data
• Systems Architecture: A system must be architected when it is
very complex, requires the integration of many disciplines, or is
developed in the face of uncertain requirements.
 Operational vs Decision Support
Systems
• Operational systems, like generalledger, materials
management, or order processing, generally access and
update the record of a single business object or event: one
account, one inventory item, or one order. Transactions are
generally pre-defined, and require the database to provide very
fast access one record at a time.

• DSS/EIS users are traditionally managers who think about the

big picture long term. Databases supporting decision support
should be able to retrieve large sets of aggregate and historical
data within a reasonable response time.

• By separating these two very different processing patterns, the

data warehouse architecture enables both operational and
decision support applications to focus on what they do best
and therefore provide better performance and functionality
Converting Data for Warehouses
Alignment of data warehouse entities with the
business structure
Corporate Data for Warehouses

A corporate data warehouse is a process

by which related data from many
operational systems is merged to
provide a single, integrated business
information view that spans all business
divisions.
Architecture of Data Warehouse