Chapter 17

Partial Correlation and Multiple

Regression and Correlation
Chapter Outline
 Introduction
 Partial Correlation
 Multiple Regression: Predicting the
Dependent Variable
 Multiple Regression: Assessing the
Effects of the Independent Variables
Chapter Outline
 Multiple Correlation
 Interpreting Statistics: Another Look
at the Correlates of Crime
 The Limitations of Multiple Regression
and Correlation
In This Presentation
 Multiple regression
 Using the multiple regression line to
predict Y
 Multiple correlation (R2)
Introduction
 Multiple Regression and Correlation
allow us to:
 Disentangle and examine the separate
effects of the independent variables.
 Use all of the independent variables
to predict Y.
 Assess the combined effects of the
independent variables on Y.
Multiple Regression
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2
 a = the Y intercept (Formula 17.6)
 b1 =the partial slope of X1 on Y
(Formula 17.4)
 b2 =the partial slope of X2 on Y
(Formula 17.5)
Partial Slopes
 The partial slopes = the effect of each
independent variable on Y while controlling
for the effect of the other independent
variable(s).
 Show the effects of the X’s in their original
units.
 These values can be used to predict scores
on Y.
 Partial slopes must be computed before
computing a (the Y intercept).
Formulas for Partial Slopes
 Formula 17.4

 Formula 17.5
Formula for a
 Formula 17.6
Regression Coefficients
for Problem 17.1
 The Y intercept (a)  a = 70.25

 Partial slopes:
 b1 = 2.09
 b2 = -.43
Standardized Partial Slopes
(beta-weights)
 Partial slopes (b1 and b2) are in the original
units of the independent variables.
 To compare the relative effects of the
independent variables, compute beta-
weights (b*).
 Beta-weights show the amount of change in
the standardized scores of Y for a one-unit
change in the standardized scores of each
independent variable while controlling for
the effects of all other independent
variables.
Beta-weights
 Use Formula 17.7
to calculate the
beta-weight for X1

 Use Formula 17.8

to calculate the
beta-weight for X2
Beta-weights for Problem 17.1
 The Beta-weights show that the
independent variables have roughly similar
but opposite effects.
 Turnout increases with unemployment and
decreases with negative advertising.
Multiple Correlation (R2)
 The multiple correlation coefficient
(R2) shows the combined effects of all
independent variables on the
dependent variable.
Multiple Correlation (R2)
 Formula 17.11 allows X1 to explain as
much of Y as it can and then adds in the
effect of X2 after X1 is controlled.
 Formula 17.11 eliminates the overlap in the
explained variance between X1 and X2.
Multiple Correlation (R2)
 Zero order correlation between
unemployment (X1) and turnout.
 r = .95
 X1 explains 90% (r2 = .90) of the
variation in Y by itself.
Multiple Correlation (R2)
 Zero order correlation between neg.
advert. (X2) and turnout.
 r = - .87
 X2 explains 76% (r2 = .76) of the
variation in Y by itself.
Multiple Correlation (R2)
 Unemployment (X1) explains 90%
(r2 =.90) of the variance by itself.
 R2 = .98
 To this, negative advertising (X2)
adds 8% for a total of 98%.