INTRODUCTION

NAME : Chaitali Sunil Chitte

BATCH : 32
MOUDULE : Aviation
ASSESSOR NAME : Sarita Kumari Ma’am
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful for strong support and

guidance provided to me by aviation ma’am, she
helped me and taught me.

I would like to say thank you to

ma’am and also thank you to Frankfinn Institute.
 INTRODUCTION OF AVIATION :

Aviation, or air transport, refers to the

activities surrounding mechanical flight and
the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-
wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less
lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such
as balloons and airships.
Aviation began in the 18th century with the
development of the hot air balloon , an apparatus capable
of atmospheric displacement through buoyancy.
 HISTORY OF AVIATION :
 The history of aviation extends for more than two thousand
years, from the earliest forms of aviation such as kites and attempts at
tower jump to supersonic and hypersonic flight by powered, heavier-
than-air jets. Kite flying in China dates back to several hundred years
BC and slowly spread around the world. It is thought to be the earliest
example of man-made flight.
 Leonardo da Vinci's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in
several rational but unscientific designs, though he did not attempt to
construct any of them.
 The discovery of hydrogen gas in the 18th century led to the invention
of the hydrogen balloon, at almost exactly the same time that the
Montgolfier brothers rediscovered the hot-air balloon and began
manned flights. 
 Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for
heavier-than-air craft, and by the early-20th century,
advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made
controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. The
modern aeroplane with its characteristic tail was established
by 1909 and from then on the history of the aeroplane
became tied to the development of more and more powerful
engines.
In the latter part of the 20th century the advent
of digital electronics produced great advances in flight
instrumentation and "fly-by-wire" systems. The 21st century
saw the large-scale use of pilotless drones for military,
civilian and leisure use. With digital controls, inherently
unstable aircraft such as flying wings became possible.
EXTERIOR OF AIRCRAFT
INTERIOR OF AIRCRAFT
COCKPIT
A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the
front of an aircraft or spacecraft, from which a pilot controls
the aircraft. The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight
instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls that
enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most airliners, a door
separates the cockpit from the aircraft cabin.
CARGO
Usually provided on the underside of the aircraft for of
passenger baggage and freight.
CABIN
An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in
which passengers travel. At cruising altitudes of modern
commercial aircraft, the surrounding atmosphere is too thin
for passengers and crew to breathe without an oxygen mask,
so cabins are pressurized at a higher pressure than ambient
pressure at altitude.
AISLE
A passage between two sections of seats,
comprising of horizontally placed rows that is located from the
nose to the tail of the aircraft without any obstruction.
BULKHEAD
Partitions or walls in the fuselage to make
compartments for different purposes.
DOGHOUSE
A small cupboard, placed on the floor of the
aircraft on casters, usually behind the last row of
seats in every zone of the plane. Used for storage
purposes.
BASSINET
A small foldable bed for babies on board which can be
hooked on to slots on the bulkhead facing the first row of
seat in every zone.
OVERHEAD BINS
Medium sized compartments placed along the
sidewall/ceiling of the aircraft, fitted with a door, meant
for stowage of the carry-on baggage of the passengers
during flight.
SEATING
Seat pitch is the distance between a row of seat.
The measurement from the same position on two seats, one
behind the other.
JUMP SEATS
Jump seats are installed near to a floor level exit.
Jump seats are folding types, spring loaded seats. The jump
seats must be secured in the closed position.
ARMREST (PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT)
In most of today’s modern airliners this armrest
passenger service unit is digital. In the aircraft where every
seat in the aircraft has a personal television, the armrest PSU
is bigger in size.
LAVATORY
An aircraft lavatory is a small room on
an aircraft with a toilet and sink. Each contains a toilet,
washbasin, mirror, disposal units, holders and drawers. In
addition there is an crew call button, smoke detector,
automatic fire extinguisher.
CABIN SYSTEM
It’s a touch screen panel and also have hard key panel. A
touch screen for information display, function selection and cabin
performing like cabin light control, page of doors and slides, temperature
control, smoke page, water.
AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Cabin intercommunication data system is a
microprocessor based system. It operates control and
monitors the main cabin system.
AIRCRAFT MAIN DOOR
Those, which are used during normal operations, that is for
embarking and disembarking passengers, servicing the cabin as
well as loading meals. These doors are fitted with the escape slide
and can be used during emergencies as well.
EMERGENCY EXIT DOOR
ESCAPE SLIDE
Escape slide are two types: Single Lane and Double Lane.
The escape slides a quick evacuation from the aircraft in case of
emergency. The main door slide can also be disconnected from the
aircraft in case of ditching and can be used as a floatation device.
GALLEYS
The galley is also called the ‘kitchen’ in some airlines.
It is the hub on the aircraft from where all the food and
beverage service for the passengers takes place. The
location of the galleys on a particular type of aircraft is
usually the same on all airlines.
EMBARKATION PROCEDURE
First the passenger enters the airport and proceed to the
ticket counter.
Ground staff executive will check in the passenger baggage and tags
the slip to boarding pass.
If the passenger have any excess baggage they need to pay extra
amount according to the airline fares.
If it is domestic destination, passenger need not to go through
customs and immigration check.
If it is international the passenger need to go through the customs
and immigration check.
After customs and immigration the passenger proceeds to security
check.
Then the passenger boards the aircraft.
 DISEMBARKATION PROCEDURE
For domestic passenger disembarkation, they directly
proceed to baggage counter and collects their baggage. And
they leave the airport.

International passengers collects the disembarkation form

from crew on board.
Then they proceed to customs and immigration check.
After customs and immigration they proceed to baggage
counter to collect.
And they leave the airport.
EMERGENCIES ON BOARD
Emergencies are very few and far between on board an aircraft.
The incidences of emergencies related with passenger-medical cases
and first aid, are more than any technical episodes linked to the aircraft
itself.
Emergencies that concern cabin attendant are:
1. Turbulence
2. Decompression
3. Fire
4. Bomb
5. Hi-jack
6. Planned Emergency
7. Unplanned Emergency
TURBULENCE
Turbulence means irregular motion of an aircraft in flight, rapid
ups and down motion, caused by a variation of atmospheric wind speed.
As a cabin attendants
Stow and secure service carts and galley equipment.
Secure cabin
Secure Lavatory and make sure passenger is not in the lavatory and
lavatory door is closed.
The cabin attendant secure themselves.
Inform Capt. That passenger and galley is secured.
DEPRESSURISATION
Depressurization, also called decompression, is
the reduction of atmospheric pressure inside a
contained space such as the cabin of a pressurized
aircraft. There are two types of depressurization :
1. Slow Depressurisation - Usually a very small and
slow reduction of air pressure is seen here.
2. Rapid Depressurisation – This is caused when the
air pressure in the cabin suddenly falls or the cabin
altitude rapidly increases.
FIRE
For effective fire fighting technique focuses on
removal of one or elements that causes fire.
Removal of fuel
Removal of heat
Removal of oxygen
Procedure to flight fire on board the aircraft
1. Fire Fighter
2. Communicator
3. Coordinator
HIJACK
Any act of unlawful seizure of an aircraft is known as
hijack. An illegal takeover of an aircraft by a person or
person’s on board, threaten the safety of the aircraft or its
passengers.
Cabin attendant should inform the cockpit crew regarding
any security breach via interphone immediately.
With time, the goal has changed; hijackers now aim to kill as
many people as possible. Any hijack attempt today is to be
viewed as an immediate threat, and cabin crew are to be
prepared to use any means available including the use of
deadly force, to prevent the hijackers from gaining control of
the aircraft.
PLANNED EVACUATION
Whenever there is an emergency, cockpit crew will
immediately call senior cabin crew in cockpit and brief about
the type of emergency.
UNPLANNED EVACUATION
Unplanned emergencies can be defined as an
abnormal event that usually occurs during take-off and
landing. In an unplanned emergency, there is not much time,
for the cockpit and cabin crew to prepare the cabin and
attend passenger. In unplanned emergency its all is skill,
knowledge and training supports evacuation.
Emergency Evacuations
Land Evacuation
Evacuation on land after an abnormal
landing, aborted take-off, or any such occurrence that
resulted in the passengers and the crew on board escaping
from the aircraft using the emergency exits that is doors,
hatches, or over-wing exits and cockpit windows is a fairly
rare occurrence.
BELLY LANDING
In belly landing, sometimes one part of the
landing gears deploy, while the others don’t. Thus we can
have a ‘nose-up’ belly landing – with only the nose gear down,
or a ‘nose-down’ landing – with the main gear down and the
nose gear up.
DITCHING
In case of flights that have a prolonged period of flying
over a water body, like an ocean, sea or even along a large
lake etc, due to some emergency, if the aircraft is unable to
reach land, then it will have to make an emergency landing
on water which is known as DITCHING.
LIST OF EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTS
SEAT BELT INFANT SEAT BELT
ASBESTOS GLOVES FIRE AXE
 MAIN DOORS OVER WING
EXITS
OXYGEN BOTTLE WITH MASK FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
 FIRST AID KIT
MEGAPHONE
SMOKE HOOD LIFE JACKET
DANGEROUS GOODS
For the safety and security of our passengers, crew
and aircraft, the following items are either prohibited or
restricted on all aircraft, in accordance with the Dangerous
Goods Regulations of International Air Transport Association
(IATA), the International Civil Aviation Association (ICAO)
Technical Instructions and/or SIA's rules and regulations.
Please ensure that you do not pack items specified in
this list in your carry-on or checked baggage.
 Prohibited items
 The list of prohibited items are as follows:
 Explosives, fireworks, munitions, flares, Christmas crackers, sparklers,
party poppers and pyrotechnics
 Compressed gases (flammable, non-flammable, or poisonous) such as
butane, propane, aqualung cylinders, lighter fuels, or refills
 Lighters (butane, absorbed fuel, electric, battery-powered, novelty)
 Poisons such as arsenic, cyanides, or insecticides
 Corrosive materials such as mercury (which may be contained in
thermometers or blood pressure gauges,) acids, alkalis, and wet cell
batteries
 Meals-Ready-to-Eat.