INT4204

Intelligent System
What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of

computer science devoted to the study
of computer hardware and software
designed to imitate the thinking and
reasoning powers of the human mind.
Other definitions
“…the science of making machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by humans” - Marvin Minsky

“ …the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent

computer systems” - E.Feigenbaum
What is intelligence?
Human intelligence?
◦ Ability to learn or understand from experience
◦ Ability to acquire and retain knowledge
◦ Able to integrate experience and knowledge to solve problems
Origins of AI
AI involves a number of different fields like:
◦ Philosophy
◦ Logic
◦ Computation
◦ Psychology
◦ Biology

Which leads to…..

Origins of AI
Philosophy
◦ is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and
society. It works by asking very basic questions about the
nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and
the connections between them. The ideas
in philosophy are often general and abstract.
Psychology
◦ How do humans think and act?
◦ The study of human reasoning and acting
Origins of AI
Computation
◦ How to build an efficient computer?
◦ Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible
◦ The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult
problems more easily
◦ AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including:
time-sharing, the linked list data type, OOP, etc.
Origins of AI
Linguistics
◦ For understanding natural languages
◦ different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work
◦ The Steps in NLP
Level 1 – Speech sound (Phonetics & Phonology)

Level 2 – Words & their forms (Morphology, Lexicon)

Level 3 – Structure of sentences (Syntax, Parsing)

Level 4 – Meaning of sentences (Semantics)

Level 5 – Meaning in context & for a purpose (Pragmatics)

Level 6 – Connected sentence processing in a larger body of text (Discourse)
Problems with AI
Issues like:
◦ Computers can only deal with syntax but can never understand semantics
◦ Chinese Room argument
◦ Human reasoning cannot be based on a fixed calculus
◦ The Lucas-Penrose argument
◦ Humans are proved to be inconsistent
◦ Godel
 Criteria for success
Implementing the goals of AI which are:
THOUGHT
Systems that Systems that
think like think rationally.
humans.
BEHAVIOUR
Systems that act Systems that act
like humans. rationally.

HUMAN RATIONAL
Thinking humanly
To get machine thinking like humans, the human minds need to be
understood
Therefore, if the machine’s behaviour matches human behaviour, it can
be concluded that some of the machine’s mechanisms may also be
operating in human.
Acting humanly
“The art of creating machines that perform functions that
require intelligence when performed by people.” (Kurzweil)

“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at

the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight)
Thinking rationally
Related to logical thinking
Example:
We know Einstein is a man and all men are mortal; therefore we
can conclude that Einstein is mortal.
Acting rationally
Related to making correct inferences i.e. acting so as to
achieve one’s goal, given one’s beliefs
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available information
Example:
We saw a nail in our path. We know that stepping on
the nail will bring pain. Therefore, we use another
path.
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
◦ Autonomous rovers.
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
◦ Telescope scheduling
AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
◦ Analysis of data:
AI Applications
Medicine:
◦ Image guided surgery
AI Applications
Image:
◦ Image analysis and enhancement
AI Applications
Transportation:
◦ Autonomous vehicle control:
AI Applications
Transportation:
◦ Pedestrian detection:
AI Applications
Games:
AI Applications
Robotic toys: