ELEMENTS AND

PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
VISUAL ELEMENTS: ELEMENTS
OF LINE
• can be seen everywhere
• adds to the quality of visual stimuli
• Makes object stand out against a background
• challenges perception and arouse emotions
 DIFFERENT LINES:
HORIZONTAL LINE

• Parallel to the horizon; do not slant

• geometric, hard and impersonal
• may move from left to right(vice versa)
• indicates Calmness and rest
• Landscapes and seascapes
DIFFERENT LINES: VERTICAL
LINE
• Start from bottom going up or vice versa; do not lean
• Shows strength, balance, and stability.
DIFFERENT LINES: DIAGONAL
LINE
• Lines between vertical and horizontal lines
• have two implication:
• Positive- movement or action
• Negative - stress, frustration or defeat
DIFFERENT LINES: ZIGZAG
LINE
• Mixture of diagonal lines
• Forms angle and change direction
• Indicates chaos, conflict and confusion
DIFFERENT LINES: DIAGONAL
LINE
• Organic and natural and adjust direction regularly
• form spirals and circles
• Use to Outline human body
• Continuous move to opposite direction
 DIFFERENT LINES: ACTUAL
LINE
• Intentionally shows lines in artwork
• Gives the viewer an interesting aspect of the composition
• Lines adds to the quality of the whole work
 DIFFERENT LINES: IMPLIED
LINE
• makes viewer their involvement in interpreting the
artwork or composition.
• Seems to fade, stop or disappear and then reappear as continuation
or extension of edge
• suggest movements and will add fluidity to the work
 VISUAL ELEMENTS: ELEMENTS
OF COLOR
• most expressive element of art
• shares powerful connection with emotion.
• Seen when light surrounds the object
• Colors separated into different wavelength
• form Red(longest) to Violet(shortest
 ELEMENTS OF COLOR:PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF COLORS

• HUE
• Determined by the wavelength of light
• VALUE
• Lightness to darkeness of color
• Hues can exist in different degrees of values
• INTENSITY OR SATURATION
• Purity of the color
• Pure hues pertain to the to the absence of white, black or gray
• High saturation = bright ; low saturation = dull
ELEMENTS OF COLOR: THE COLOR WHEEL

• Sir Isaac Newton

• Conceptualized the color wheel to discover the relationship
between the color
• a circle divided equally into twelve parts
 ELEMENTS OF COLOR:TYPES
OF COLOR
• PRIMARY COLORS
• These colors cannot be produced by mixing the other colors
• SECONDARY COLOR
• Combination of two primary colors in equal amounts
• INTERMEDIATE COLORS
• Combination of a primary and secondary colors
• TERTIARY COLORS
• Combination of two secondary color or adding compliment color or opposite color in the color wheel
• NEUTRAL
• concerned to the quality of light that is reflected
• Warm colors -associated with sun and fire
• cool colors-associated with air,sky,earth and water
 ELEMENTS OF COLOR:COLORS
AND EMOTION
• Brain reacts to the presence of color
• Warm, bright- makes us happy and excite us
• Cool- relax us and encourages us to take it slow
• Reds/pink/yellow- stimulates us make us feel warm and
passionate
• Green/blues –calmness and peace
 ELEMENTS OF SHAPE
• SHAPE
• result from the coming together of lines enclosing an area
• GERMAN GESTALT
• Psychologist
• human brain processes information by organizing objects or
stimuli into group based on similarity, nearness and figure-ground
relationships.
• after this process, a perceptual “totality” is formed giving the
viewer the “wholes”
 ELEMENTS OF SHAPE :KINDS OF
SHAPE
• Geometric Shapes
• regular and precise and present an industrial feel to the viewer;
• Organic Shapes
• natural appearance and are usually curvilinear or irregular.
 ELEMENTS OF SPACE
• SPACE
• tricky element of the visual arts
• involves physiological capability of the visual system & the
physical manipulation
 ELEMENTS OF SPACE:PHYSIOLOGICAL
PERCEPTION OF SPACE

• Stereoscopic vision
• gives the viewer a perception of depth because of the distance
between the two eyes.
• retinal disparity
• gIves the viewer two images of the object then physiologically
merges then into one images
• Kinesthetic vision
• involves the movement of the eyes when looking at or viewing the
object
 ELEMENTS OF SPACE:ILLUSION
OF SPACE
• endlessly seeking ways to present depth or distance in a
two dimensional artwork.
• SOME WAYS OF PRESENTING DEPTH:
• OVERLAPPING - the tendency is objects that are near will objects
that are far would be partly covered by objects in from of them.
• RELATIVE SIZE AND LINEAR PERSPECTIVE -objects that are big
will be perceived as near compared with objects that are fat
 ELEMENTS OF SPACE:THE
EFFECT OF SPACE
• have fascinated both the artists and the viewer.
• Artists fascination
• based on the other ways to manipulate the picture plane or create the
illusion of " endless" space.
THE ELEMENT OF VALUE( LIGHT AND SHADOW)

• Light makes viewing any artwork possible

• without light this is cannot be done
• Shadows is the counterpart of light which dealt with this
gradual changes from light to dark and vice versa is what
referred to as value
 THE ELEMENT OF VALUE( LIGHT AND
SHADOW)
• ACHROMATIC VALUE
• When light falls on an object
• light do not shine equally on all parts of the object
• Chiaroscuro
• A technique using light and shadow in painting
• Used by Leonardo Da Vinci
 THE ELEMENT OF TEXTURE

• derived from Latin for "weaving"

• usually refers to the feel of the surface of the material
fuels
• is not only felt but also seen
 THE ELEMENT OF TEXTURE:TYPES OF
TEXTURE

• ACTUAL TEXTURE
• real feel and look of the surface
• SIMULATED TEXTURE
• a surface character that looks real but its not
• ABSTRACT TEXTURE
• focus on one aspect of the real texture and emphasize it
• INVENTED TEXTURE
• a product of the artist's imagination
 THE ELEMENT OF TIME AND
MOTION
• Motion occurs through time
• ACTUAL MOVEMENT
• incorporates actual movement in art (kinetic art )
• IMPLIED MOVEMENT
• variety of lines may be used together
• Uses degree of repetition, changes in the position, scale, or size of
the objects and varying proportions
 ARTWORK ANALYSIS
• how the various elements and material features of the artwork
produce meaning
• SEMIOTIC
• lists important facts about a work of art
• ICONIC
• composed of tiny dots of contrasting or complementary colors
• CONTEXTUAL
• uses the techniques of optical color mixture (pointillism or divisionism)
 THE RULE OF THIRDS
• basic knowledge in composition
• suggests that you should imagine a tic-tac-toe or a pack-
pack-boom board on frame of the picture
• the rule of thirds the couple is placed on the left side
intersection of the frame the pictures contains a visual
mass
PRINCIPLE OF ARTS
 Principle Design
• it is refer to the visual strategies used by artist, in
conjuction with the visual element of arts

1.Balance

• it is one of the principles of design; it classified into

three: symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial.
 A. Symmetrical Balance
• also known as formal balance, as two equal parts of the
pictorial plane of artwork placed like mirror images of each
other.
B. Asymmetrical Balance
• also known as informal balance, where elements on either
side of a composition do not reflect one another or when
several smaller items on one side are balanced by a large
item on the other side.
 Difference Between Symmetric
and Asymmetric Balance
• Asymmetrical
• Symmetrical
 C. Radial Symmetry

• balance where all

elements radiate out from
a center point in a
circular fashion to all four
quadrants of the shape's
constraining plane.
 2.Harmony
• In the principle of design,
this can be described as
sameness, the belonging of
one thing with another.
3. Proportion
• This is the size relationship
of forms and shapes. Good
proportion cause a sense
of unity and harmony.
 4.Dominance/Emphasis
• This happens when the
artist creates an area of the
composition that is virtually
dominant and commands
the viewer's attention. This
is often achieved contrast.
 5. Variety
• This a principle of design
that refers to a way of
combining visual
elements to achieve
intricate and complex
relationship. Artist use
this technique to
increase visual interest.
 6. Movement
• This is the result of using the
element of art such that they move
the viewer's eye around and within
the image. A sense of movement
can be created by diagonal or curvy
lines.
7. Rythm
• In the principles of design, this is a continuance, a
flow, or a feeling of movement achieved by the
repitition of regulated visual performance.
 Elements of Art: Auditory

• Music is considered to be the least tangible of the arts. It

is defined as an arrangement of sounds to create a
continuous and unified composition.
• Currently, there are two dominant musical traditions:
-POPULAR MUSIC
-CLASSICAL MUSIC
 Popular Music
• often involves the use of electric instruments to enhance
instrumental and vocal sounds.
• popular song also tend to involve repition. In addition to the fact
that these are usually short, the use of repition make these song
memorable.
• it usually has a strong beat
• we associate it with the performer(s) who popularized it.
 Classical Music
• is more frequently essentially instrumental although there
are some classical composition that involve the human
voice, such as opera.
• the expression of meaning involves the use of pure sounds
• 30-40 mins duration , and there are variation within a
classical composition
• produced from written score, and normally has one
acceptable way of interpreting it
• the beat is not generally obvious unlike in popular music
 Elements of Music
Rhythm
• it has something to do with the pattern time
• It has three qualities: tempo, meter and rhythmic
pattern.
Tempo- describes how fast or slow the music
Meter- refers to the unit of time that is made up of a
group of accented and unaccented beat or pulse
 Melody
• This refers to a succession of connection notes or tones
changing in pitch and duration. Also considered considered
to carry the overall theme of music.
• Melody is inseperable with rhythm.
Harmony
• This may refer to a combination of different tones or pitches
played or sung together
• Note played or sung together at the same time are called a
chord
 Texture
• This element refers to the relationship of melodic and harmonic
lines in music .
• Music is considered to have a thicker texture
• Music can be monophonic,homophonic, or polyphonic
Monophonic texture- has one melodic line and it is involve singing
or playing in unison.
Homophonic texture- involves singing or playing the melody and
accompanying chords
Polyphonic texture- is complex because it has more melodic lines
that seems independent from one another
 Dynamics
• this refer to the degree of softness and loudness of music
• way of changing from soft to loud or vice versa
Timbre
• Also known as tone color, this refers to the quality of sound
generated by an instrument or by voive.
• each musical instrument produced different quality of
sounds depending not only on its material, size, and shape
• amplitude of overtones produced by the instrument
 Classification of Musical Instrument
• The musical instrument in Western orchestra can be categorized
into four: string,woodwind,brass, and percussion.

Types of Musical Instrument based on

Hornbostel-Sach classification
Idiophones- sound is produced when the body of the instrument
itself vibrate

Membranophones- produced sound by membrane that are

tightly streched over a part of the instrument
• Chordophones- instruments use of stretched strings to
produce sounds.
• Aerophones- sound produced by flow of air
• Electrophones- instruments generate sounds through
materials or sources that produces electrical.
Forms
• This refers to the arrangement of musical events or themes
throughout the composition. Using the interplay of
statement of the theme, repitition, contrast and variation,
pattern of musical form can be formed, which are the
following:
• Strophic(A-A-A-A) - considered as most popular musical form,
the theme is repeated over and over

• Binary(A-B)- a new melody is played after one melody

• Ternary(A-B-A)- a new melody is played after one melody, but the

first melody is repeated after the second melody

• Rondo ( A-B-A-C-A , A-B-A-C-A-B-A, or A-B-A-C-A-D-A)- the first

theme alternates with two or more different themes
• Theme and Variation (A-A1-A2-A3-A4)- the melody is initially
presented or played. Then it changes appearance after
theme is entirely played.
• Sonata -allegro- this typically fast musical form is almost
similar to ternary form because it is also divided into three
parts.
First part- exposition presents the overall theme of the
music
Second part- building up o expounding part or parts of the
original theme.
Third part- is called recapitulation, reviews the themes in
 Historical Genres of Classical
Music
• Middle Ages(467-1450)- music was generally sung or played in three
places: inside the monastery, inside the cathedral, and at the court.

• Renaissance Period(1450-1600- was marked by a change in

relationship between the music and the text. Principal musical
genres during this time were polyphonic mass, madrigal, motets, and
instrumental dance music.
 1. Baroque Music
• Early and Middle Baroque period(1600-1710) had melodic pattern
that were specifically written for certain musical instruments.
These melodies also had a wider range and less stepwise
movement

• Late Baroque period(1690-1750)- had a melodic patterns that

showed a more progressive development compared with the music
during the earlier times of Baroque period. These also developed
wider and longer.
 Commonly KnownComposers
During Baroque Period
• Johann Pachebel(1653-1706)- popular work is the
Cannon in D Major
• Antonio Vivaldi(1678-1741)- Famous work known as Four
Seasons(1721).
• Johhan Sebastian Bach(1685-1750)- His famous work is
the The Well-Tempred Clavier(1722-1742),Bradenburg
Concertos(1721), and the Toccata and Fugue in D
Minor(1704)
 Classical Period
• classical period refers to musical composition written from 1750-
1820.
• melodies during this period had short but balanced phrases,which
were inspired by vocal style. Melodies were considered to be
tuneful and had a light, airy feelings
• harmonic rhythm during this time was more dramatic compared
during Baroque Period
• the principal musical genres during this period included the opera,
symphony, sonata, string quartet, and solo concerto.
 Commonly Known Composers During
Baroque Period
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(1756-1791)- is considered one of
the most popular classical composer of all time , created
more than 600 composition including Piano Sonata
No.11(1783)
• Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)- who was the “Father of the String
Quartet” was known of his famous work Symphony
No.94(Surprise Symphony)
• Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)- was the famous for a
number of his works such as Piano Sonata No.14 in C#
Minor”Quasi una fantasia”(also known as Moonlight Sonata)
• Franz Schubert(1797-1828)- started his career during the late
classical period, although his most famous works were
published during romantic period.
Romantic Period
• Romantic period is associated with love, idealism, nature,
and expressiveness.
• Composers during the Romantic Period shows a lot of
expression.
 Famous Composers During the
Romantic
• Ludwig van Beethoven- Period
his famous work are the Piano
Sonata No. 32 in C minor,Op.111(between 1821-1822),
Symphony No.9 in D minor(Choral)(between 1822 adn 1824)
• Franz Schubert- his famous work are the Erlkonig(1815),Trout
Quintet (1819, published in 1827), Symphony No.9 in C
Major(1828).
• Hector Berlioz(1803-1869)- his famous work is the
Symphonic Fantastique(1830).
• Robert Schumann(1810-1856)- his famous work are the
• Clara Schumman(1819-1896)- her famous work are the
Leinst du um Schonheit from Liebesfruhling (1841), Drei
Romanzen (1853).
• Franz Liszt(1811-1886)- His famous work are the Hungarian
Rhapsody No. 6(1847), Transcendental Etude No. 10(1852),
Mephisto Waltz No. 1(1859-62)
• Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)- his famous work are
Weigenlied: Guten Abend, gute Nacht (1868), Hungarian
Dances(1869).
• Pyotr Ily Tchaikovsky(1840-1893)- his famous work 1812
Overture (1880), Nutcracker (1892), Symphony No. 6 in B
Minor (Pathetique)(1893).
• Frederic Chopin(1810-1849)- his famous work are
theNocturne in E-flat major Op. 9 No. 2(between 1830-1832),
Minute Waltz(1847).
• Richard Strauss (1864-1949)- his famous work are the Also
Sprach Zarathustra,Op. 30(1896), Alphine Symphony (1915).

Gluseppe Verdi(1813-1901), Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924),

Richard Wagner(1813-1883), and Georges Bizet(1838-1875)
were leading opera composers.
 Impressionism(1880-1920)
• was a transition from Romanticism to Modernism in music,
it involves the use of dabs of unmixed colors and applying it
using a quick strokes to potray the natural light on the
subject matter.
• Impressionist music- melody usually changes from short
bits of sound to long free-flowing melodic lines. It harmonic
pattern was static and repetitive. Rhythm was generally
flexible and free, using irregular accent.
• The main genres during this period included the opera,
symphonic, poem, orchestral song, string quartet, character
Famous Composers During Impressionism Period

• Claude Debussy(1862-1918)- his famous work is the Deux

Arabesques(between 1888 and 1891).
• Clair de Lune(1905)- her famous work is the Pavane por une
infate defunte(Pavane for a Dead Princess)(1899)
• Maurice Ravel(1875-1937)-her famous work of Bolero(1928).
Modern Music
• Created from 1900 to present day.
• Symphonies,solo,concertos, choral music, ballet music,opera
and string quartet are typical genres in this period.
• Rhythm is usually vigorous and asymmetrical.
• Musical texture is diverse and there is no specific word that
can describe texture of Modern music.
Composer in this Period
Igor Stravinsky- his famous work is the Rite of Spring (1911-
13).
Arnold Schoenberg- well kwown for his 12-tone
composition and atonal works such as String Quartet No.1
(1904).
 Postmodern Music
• 1945-present, overlaps with modernism.

• it reject tradition that it even rejects the concept of narrative music in

favor of “chance music”.

• it has no common genre, in fact each composition belong to a unique

genre.
 Composers who use of new notational
styles and non-Western classical
Instrument
• John Cage- his famous work are the 4'33”(Four Minutes and
Thirty-Three Seconds)(1952) and Imaginary Landscape No. 4
(1951), Philip Glass(1937),who was known for his
composition like Glassworks.
• John Adams(1947)- who was known for his minimalist works,
like Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986).