MATERIAL SCIENCE

BY RISHABH SINHA &

SUNEET CHOUDHARY
 Introduction
• Material science is the study of the properties
of solid material and how those properties are
determined by a material’s composition and
structure. Materials Scientists or Engineers,
through understanding how materials work,
can create new materials for new applications
as well as develop existing materials to
improve performance.
Classification of engineering material
Ferrous metals:-
• Wrought iron
It is the purest iron which
contain 99.5% iron but may
contain up to 99.9% iron.
The carbon content is about
0.02%.
• Carbon steel
It is an alloy of iron &
carbon with carbon content
up to a maximum of 1.5%.
• Alloy steel
Alloy steel is steel that
is alloyed with a variety
of elements in total amounts
between 1% and 50% by weight
to improve its mechanical
properties. 
• Cast iron
Cast iron, an alloy of iron that
contains 2 to 4 percent carbon,
along with varying amounts
of silicon and manganese and
traces of impurities such as
sulphur and phosphorus.
Non-ferrous metals
• Aluminium: It is a light, silver-
coloured metal, used especially for
making cooking equipment and air
craft parts.
• Copper: It is a reddish-
brown metal, used especially for
making wire and coins.
• Lead: It is a
very heavy, soft, dark grey, poison
ous metal, used especially in the
past on roofs and for pipes and
also
for protection against radiation.
 Conti...
• Silver: It is
a valuable shiny, white metal, used for
making cutlery (= knives, spoons,
etc.), jewellery, coins,
and decorative objects.

• Tin: It is a silver-coloured metal,

often combined with other metals or
used to cover and protect other metals.

• Zinc: It is a bluish-white metal, used in

making other metals or
for covering other metals to protect
 them.
 Thermosetting Polymers

• Phenol formaldehyde: A
condensation product or plastic
made from phenol itself or
another phenol and
formaldehyde. Used for
production of billiards ball.
• Polyester: Any of a group
of polymers that consist
basically of repeated units of an
ester and are used especially in
making fibers or plastics.
 Conti...
• Epoxy resins: A flexible
usually thermosetting
resin made by
copolymerization of an
epoxide with another
compound having two
hydroxyl groups and
used chiefly in coatings
and adhesives.
 Thermoplastic polymers

• Polyvinyl chloride: A polymer

of vinyl chloride used especially
for electrical insulation, films,
and pipes.
• Polythene : A tough, light
flexible synthetic resin made by
polymerizing ethylene, chiefly
used for plastic bags, food
containers, and other packaging.
 Conti...
• Acrylic : A glassy
thermoplastic made by
polymerizing acrylic acid
and used for lenses, acrylic
nails, paint, LCD screen.
• Nylon: A very strong
tough elastic synthetic
polyamide materials that is
used for making clothes,
rope, brushes,etc.
 Ceramics
• Clay : It is a kind of earth
that is soft when it is wet
and hard when it is
dry. Clay is shaped and
baked to make things such
as pots and bricks.
• Tiles: A flat or curved piece
of fired clay, stone, or
concrete used especially for
roofs, floors, or walls and
often for ornamental work.
 Conti...
• Glass: An inorganic solid
material that is usually
transparent or translucent as
well as hard, brittle, and
impervious to the natural
elements.
• Cement : A cement is
a binder, a substance used
for construction that sets,
hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them
together.
  Properties of Engineering Materials

• Mechanical: Strength, Toughness, Hardness, Brittleness,

Malleability, Ductility, Creep, Resilience, Fatigue etc.
• Physical: Density, Specific heat, Thermal expansion,
Electrical conductivity, State change temperature, thermal
conductivity etc.
• Chemical: Oxidation, Corrosion, Flammability, Toxicity etc.
• Manufacturing: Formed, Casting, Machined, Welding.
 Mechanical Properties:
• Strength: It is the property of a material which opposes
the deformation or breakdown of material in presence of
external forces or load.
Tensile strength: It is the ability of the material to resist
stretching (tensile) load without fracture.
Compressive strength: The ability of material to resist
squeezing (compressive) load without fracture.
Shear strength: The ability of material to resist load tending
to separate (or cut) the material.
 Conti...
• Elasticity: The ability of a material to deform under load and
return to its original shape when the load is removed.
• Plasticity: The ability of a material to deform under load and
retain its new shape when load is removed.
• Ductility: It is the ability of a material to be deformed plastically
without rupture under tensile load. Due to this property
material can be drawn into fine wire without fracture.
• Malleability: It is the ability of a material to be deformed
plastically without rupture under compressive load. Due to this
property material are hammered and rolled into thin sheets.
 Conti...
• Toughness: It is the ability of a material to absorb energy up
to fracture during the plastic deformation. Toughness of a
metal offer the resistance to breaking when force is applied.
• Brittleness: It is property of sudden fracture without any
visible permanent deformation.
• Hardness: It is the ability of a material to resist to
permanent shape change due to external stress like
scratching or indentation.
• Creep: The tendency of material to move slowly and deform
permanently under the influence of external mechanical
stress.
 Conti...
• Fatigue: Fatigue is the weakening of material
caused by the repeated loading that results in
progressive and localized structural damage
and the growth of cracks.
• Resilience: Resilience is the ability of material
to absorb the energy when it is deformed
elastically by applying stress and release the
energy when stress is removed.
 Physical properties:
• Density: It is defined as “the mass per unit volume”. It is
represented as the ratio of mass with volume of a material.
• Specific heat: It is defined as the amount of heat required
to increase the temperature of unit mass of material by
1oC.
• Thermal expansion: When a material is heated, it expands,
due to which its dimensions change.
• Thermal conductivity: It is the property of a material which
represents that how easily the heat can be conducted by a
material.
 Conti...
• Electrical conductivity: It is the property of materials
which represents that how easily the electricity can be
conducted by the material.
• Melting point-It is the temperature (in oC or K) at which
the substance changes from solid state to liquid state.
• Boiling point-It is the temperature (in oC or K) at which
the substance changes from liquid state to gaseous
state.
• Freezing point-It is the temperature (in oC or K) at
which a liquid changes from liquid to solid state.
 Chemical properties:
• Oxidation: It is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a
molecule, atom or ion. Oxidation occurs when
the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased.
• Corrosion: When a refined metal is naturally converted to a
more stable form such as its oxide, hydroxide or sulphide
state this leads to deterioration of the material.
• Flammability: It is the ease with which a combustible
substance can be ignited, causing fire or combustion or
even an explosion.
• Toxicity: It is the degree to which a chemical substance or a
particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. 
 Manufacturing properties:
• Cast ability: It is the ability of the molten metal to flow easily
without premature solidification is a major factor in
determining the proper filling of the mold cavity.
• Formability: It is the ability of a given metal work piece to
undergo plastic deformation without being damaged.
• Machine ability: It is the ease with which a metal can be cut
(machined) permitting the removal of the material with a
satisfactory finish at low cost.
• Weld ability: It is the property of a material which presents
that how easily the two pieces of material can be welded
together by applying pressure or heat or both.
Effect of alloying element on steel:

Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is alloyed

with various elements to improve physical properties and to
produce special properties such as resistance to corrosion or
heat.
• Carbon (C): The most important constituent of steel. It
raises tensile strength, hardness, and resistance to wear and
abrasion. It lowers ductility, toughness and machine ability.
• Chromium (CR): Increases tensile strength, hardness,,
toughness, resistance to wear and abrasion, resistance to
corrosion, and scaling at elevated temperatures.
 Conti...
• Cobalt (CO): Increases strength and hardness and
permits higher quenching temperatures and
increases the red hardness of high speed steel.
• Columbium (CB): Used as stabilizing elements in
stainless steels. Each has a high affinity for carbon
and forms carbides, which are uniformly dispersed
throughout the steel. Thus, localized precipitation of
carbides at grain boundaries is prevented.
 Conti...
• Copper (CU): Copper can be detrimental to surface quality.
Copper is beneficial to atmospheric corrosion resistance when
present in amounts exceeding 0.20%. Weathering steels are
sold having greater than 0.20% Copper.
• Manganese (MN): A deoxidizer and degasifier and reacts with
sulfur to improve forgeability. It increases tensile strength,
hardness, hardenability and resistance to wear. It decreases
tendency toward scaling and distortion.
 Conti...
• Molybdenum (MO): Increases strength, hardness and
toughness, as well as creep resistance and strength at elevated
temperatures. It improves machinability and resistance to
corrosion and it intensifies the effects of other alloying
elements. In hot-work steels and high speed steels, it increases
red-hardness properties.
• Nickel (NI): Increases strength and hardness without sacrificing
ductility and toughness. It also increases resistance to corrosion
and scaling at elevated temperatures when introduced in
suitable quantities in high-chromium (stainless) steels.
 Conti...
• Phosphorus (P): Increases strength and hardness and
improves machinability. However, it adds marked brittleness
or cold-shortness to steel.
• Silicon (SI): A deoxidizer and degasifier. It increases tensile
strength, hardness, forgeability and magnetic permeability.
• Sulfur (S): Improves machinability in free-cutting steels, but
without sufficient manganese it produces brittleness at red
heat. It decreases weldability, impact toughness and ductility.
• Tantalum (TA): Used as stabilizing elements in stainless steels.
Each has a high affinity for carbon and forms carbides, which
are uniformly dispersed throughout the steel. Thus, localized
precipitation of carbides at grain boundaries is prevented.
 Conti...
• Titanium (TI): Used as stabilizing elements in stainless steels.
Each has a high affinity for carbon and forms carbides, which
are uniformly dispersed throughout the steel. Thus, localized
precipitation of carbides at grain boundaries is prevented.
• Tungsten (W): Increases strength, wear resistance, hardness
and toughness. Tungsten steels have superior hot-working and
greater cutting efficiency at elevated temperatures.
• Vanadium (V): Increases strength, hardness, wear resistance
and resistance to shock impact. It retards grain growth,
permitting higher quenching temperatures. It also enhances
the red-hardness properties of high-speed metal cutting tools.