GENETIC

ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MA. VICTORIA M. REY
BS-BIOLOGY 2A
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Recombinant DNA/ Genetic
Engineering
B. B. Applications of Genetic
Engineering
1. Researches on Human Genes
2. Researches on Animal Genes
3. Researches on Plant Genes
4. Researches on Microbial Genes
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
C. The Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
1. Biosafety and Ecological
Implications
1.1 Potential Ecological Concerns
1.2 Regulatory Policies
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Genetic Engineering: technology that
involves manipulating the DNA of one
organism in order to insert the DNA of
another organism, called exogenous DNA.
• Genetically engineered organisms are used
to: study the expression of a particular
gene. investigate cellular processes. study
the development of a certain disease. select
traits that might be beneficial to humans.
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology: the use of living cells to
make products such as
pharmaceuticals, food and beverages
the use of organisms such as bacteria
to protect the environment the use of
DNA science for the production of
materials for diagnostics and research
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology helps to meet our
basic needs: food, clothing, shelter,
health and safety
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA
• The manipulation and
combination of DNA from 2
sources Bacterial DNA + human
gene for insulin Plant DNA +
bacterial DNA (Agrobacterium
tumefaciens) Mouse DNA + human
DNA = transgenic
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombination
• Insert a foreign
gene into a host
GOAL: to produce
many copies
(clones) of a
particular gene
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors A vector is an entity that
transmits a disease or parasite from
one animal or plant to another.
• Plasmids
• Viruses
• Particles ( DNA coated bullets)
• Exogenous DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors:
Plasmids
Vectors: Viruses VIRUS: an infective
agent that typically
consists of a nucleic
acid molecule in a
protein coat, is too
small to be seen by
light microscopy, and is
able to multiply only
within the living cells
of a host
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Exogenous DNA
Characteristics of a Vector
• Can replicate independently in the host
cell – contains an Ori
• Has restriction sites in the polylinker
cloning region
• Has a reporter gene that will announce its
presence in the host cell
• small in size as compared to the host
chromosome for ease of isolation
Restriction enzymes & Vectors
• Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme
[RESTRICTION ENZYME: DNA-cutting enzymes
found in bacteria (and harvested from them for
use). Because they cut within the molecule, they
are often called restriction endonucleases.]
• Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme
• Splice together gene of interest and vector
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
DNA Recombination
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
HUMAN GENES
Insulin for diabetics
• factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A
• factor IX for hemophilia B
• human growth hormone (GH)
• erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia
• three types of interferons
• several interleukins
• granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for stimulating the bone
marrow after a bone marrow transplant
• tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots
• adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID)
• angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs
• parathyroid hormone
• leptin
• hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B virus HUMAN
GENES cces2015 18
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Genetically engineered organism
(GEO) or Genetically modified
organism (GMO): organism whose
genome has been engineered in
the laboratory in order to favor the
expression of desired physiological
traits or the production of desired
biological products
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Crops Enhanced taste and quality
• Reduced maturation time
• Increased nutrients, yields and stress tolerance
• Improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides
• New products and growing techniques
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Golden rice is the result of an effort to
develop rice varieties that produce
provitamin-A (betacarotene) as a means of
alleviating vitamin A (retinol) deficiencies in
the diets of poor and disadvantaged people
in developing countries. Because traditional
rice varieties do not produce provitamin-A,
transgenic technologies were required.
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Animals
• Increased resistance, productivity,
hardiness, and feed efficiency
• Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
• Improved animal health and diagnostic
methods
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Environment
• "Friendly" bioherbicides and
bioinsecticides
• Conservation of soil, water, and energy
• Bioprocessing for forestry products
• Better natural waste management
• More efficient processing
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Fluorescent zebra fish were
specially bred to help detect
environmental pollutants. By
adding a natural fluorescence gene
to the fish, scientists are able to
quickly and easily determine when
waterways are contaminated
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Society Increased food security for
growing populations
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Ecological Implications:
1. herbicide-resistant superweeds
2. 2. Creation of new weeds (herbivore-resistance)
3. 3. Loss of biodiversity
4. 4. Reduction of soil quality due to release of toxins from
GMO
5. 5. Harm to beneficial insects
6. 6. Creation of new pests
7. 7. sustainable agriculture and organic farming threatened
8. 8. Crossover of genes to other species (outcrossing)
9. 9. Production of novel allergens and carcinogens
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Regulation in the US GMOs are regulated pursuant to
health, safety, and environmental legislation
governing conventional products. The US approach to
regulating GMOs is premised on the assumption that
regulation should focus on the nature of the products,
rather than the process in which they were produced.
FDA regulates the safety of all human and animal
food products in the US (other than meat, poultry,
and eggs), as well as drugs and biological products;
EPA regulates pesticides and microorganisms
developed through genetic engineering.
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Canada
Manufacturers and importers who wish to
sell or advertise a GM food in Canada, must
submit data to Health Canada for a pre-
market safety assessment, as required
under Division 28 of Part B of the Food and
Drugs Regulations (Novel Foods). This safety
assessment provides assurance that the
food is safe when prepared or consumed
according to its intended use.
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Regulation in EU Six Member States currently apply
safeguard clauses on GMO events: Austria, France, Greece,
Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg. Deliberate Release of
Genetically Modified Organisms based on the
precautionary principle. Applicants who wished to conduct
field tests of GMOs were required to apply and submit an
environmental risk assessment to the "competent
authority" of the country where testing will occur. It
further required another application to each Member
State to market genetically-modified products and granted
each Member States the right to object to such marketing
within their borders.
Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
Regulation in South Asia
Regular updating and review of policies governing GMO cultivation
and safety assessment not only to consumers but also to the
environment Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Australia / New Zealand
Australia has one of the most developed regulatory systems for GMOs.
All 'dealings' with GMOs are regulated by the Gene Technology Act
(2000), which, inter alia, set up the office of the Gene Technology
Regulator monitors and enforces the legislation. Safety assessment
and strict labelling of GM foods. All GM food should be assessed
regarding safety for human consumption and approved before sale
and use. All GM food and ingredients should be labelled where they
contain novel DNA and/or novel protein in the final food, or have
altered characteristics.