Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Survey Geofisika
(Resistivity Methods)
• Noise :
– Pipes, fences, power lines and similar metal
features usually require a standoff, typically
100 to 1000 m depending on method
– Near power plants, passive methods like MT
are doubtful and all methods suffer from
higher noise
– DC power lines can limit MT depth of
investigation to <1000 m at 30 km distance
and <5000 m at 100 km distance
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 4
Permasalahan pengukuran Resistivitas
• Statics :
– Static distortion affects all methods that use electrodes (all but
TEM)
– Difficult to avoid in volcanics or rugged areas
– Static correction by inversion smoothing is sometimes
unrealistic
• Access :
– Cost rises steeply if access to sites is poor
– Faster methods like T-MT reduce cost only where access is
easy
– Cable oriented methods require wide and continuous access so
more suited to Nevada than New Zealand
Air geothermal
memiliki
konsentrasi
garam terlarut yg
tinggi, (>>)
menyebabkan
elektrolit
terkonduksi pada
matriks
Konduktivitas dari elektrolit dan matriks batuan bergantung
kepada temperatur yg menyebabkan pengurangan dalam
jumlah besar dari resistivitas bulk sebanding naiknya
temperatur
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 7
• Saturasi air asin (%) >> (tinggi) resisitivitas (Ohm-m) <<
(rendah) dan kecepatan rambat gelombang (m/s) juga <<
(rendah)
Conceptual Interpretation
• Resistivity methods can image the intensity of
hydrothermal clay alteration and the geometry of
the base of the low resistivity clay cap
conforming to the geothermal reservoir
Cumming Geoscience Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 12
Uncertainty in Geothermal Resistivity
Interpretation
Moore, 2006
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 15
Cumming Geoscience
Salak Geothermal Field
MT Cross-section
MT Resistivity with MeB Smectite & Isotherms from Wells
Charre-Meza et al 2000
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 26
VES Resistivity
• Vertical Electrical Soundings ( also known as Schlumberger or
DC Soundings ) transmit current in one expanding dipole and
measure voltage across a smaller centered dipole.
• Use 2D images from VES for well targeting and resource
capacity, single dipole spacing for reconnaissance
• In geothermal areas, depth of resolution is about 15 to 25% of
transmitter dipole length. Transmitter dipoles sometimes must be
>5 km long to resolve top of relatively resistive reservoir.
• Reprocessing old VES data to 1D/2D smooth images is often
worthwhile if transmit dipole large enough (AB/2 > 2 km)
• Environmental issues, cost and logistics limit new surveys
Cumming Geoscience
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 27
VES and Dipole-dipole Resistivity
Charre-Meza et al 2000
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 28
CSAMT Profiling
• Scalar MT profiling using a wire
transmitter
• Costs < MT
• Active source better near some
noise sources
• Cannot as reliably detect or
correct static and 2D/3D
distortion
• “Near field” transmitter
distortion
• Higher frequency so depth <
200 to < 1000 m
• Fewer imaging and processing
options
Cumming Geoscience
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 29
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 30
SP
• Self Potential (SP) profiling
measures voltage across a dipole
to map V/m.
• Low cost; requires 2 people with
wire, volt-ohmmeter and
electrodes.
• SP pattern mainly reflects
electro-kinetic effect, water flow
in shallowest aquifer.
• In geothermal prospects,
thermo-electric effect is
significant but ambiguous.
• SP “anomalies” may indicate
faults, or aquifer geometry.
Cumming Geoscience
Metode Resistivity Untuk Panasbumi 31
SP
• Case histories show SP can
characterize upflow and
shallow outflow aquifers in
areas with gentle topography. Mokai
• Near-surface groundwater
signal is strongest so even
rainfall significantly changes SP
patterns.
• Cost is relatively low but so is
relevance, especially for
deeper resources.
• SP mainly used to characterize
shallow low temperature
systems.