Physical transport phenomena 2

Lecture 3

Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
November 2019
 Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 3 Beek’s book (2nd version)
 The mass balance (Slide 4)  Chapter I (I.3)
Navier-Stokes equation (Slide 5)
 Molecular transport of momentum  No description
(Slides 6-8)
Convective transport of momentum (Slide 9)
 Navier-Stokes equation in rectangular  Chapter I (I.3)
coordinates, in cylindrical coordinates
(Slides 10-11)
 Application of Navier-Stokes equation:  No description
Example: laminar flow in horizontal
straight pipes (Slides 12-14)
General case: Laminar flow in straight
pipes under any orientation (Slides 15-19)
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film  No description
(Slides 20-29)

2
 Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 3 Beek’s book (2nd version)
Practical Rheology
 Newtonian fluid (Slides 31-33)  Chapter II (II.1, Pages 42-43)
 Non-Newtonian fluid and constitutive
equations (Slides 34-35)
 The power law (Slide 36)  No description
Shearing thinning fluids (Slides 37-39)
Shear thickening fluids (Slides 40-43)

3
 The mass balance
Compressible media:


 
 
  v x   v y  v z 

t x y z

Incompressible media (ρ = constant):

v x v y v z
  0
x y z

4
 Navier-Stokes equation
(for compressible, non-Newtonian fluids)

   vx      xx  yx  zx p
   v x v x     v x v y     vx v z         gx
t x y z x y z x
   vy      xy  yy  zy p
   v x v y     v y v y     v y vz         gy
t x y z x y z y
   vz      xz  yz  zz p
   v x v z     v y vz     vz vz         gz
t x y z x y z z

accumulation term
convective terms
body and surface forces

5
Molecular transport of momentum
Momentum transport through the fluid by viscous action
Example: The buildup to the steady, laminar velocity profile for a Newtonian fluid
contained between two large parallel plates (each one with area A, separated by distance Y)
F dv
  yx   x
A dy
τyx: shear stress in the direction of x exerted on the plane
perpendicular to the y direction.

Newton’s law of viscosity

Shear force per unit area is proportional to the
negative of the velocity gradient.
The resistance to flow for all gases and all liquids
with molecular weight of less than about 5000 are
described by this equation (Newtonian fluids).
Gas Liquid

Transport of x-momentum in the positive y direction:

from a region of high velocity (momentum) to a
region of low velocity (momentum), 6
Molecular motion & collision Molecular rearrangement
 Shear stress vs. normal stress
Convention:
• τij denotes a stress in the j direction exerted on a
plane perpendicular to the i axis (called shear
 yx x  dx
dxdz stress if i ≠ j, normal stress if i = j).
• Positive increase in velocity components occurs
in the positive directions of the axis.
 zx x dxdy y τyx y
p x dydz p x  dx dydz
τxx
 xx x dydz  xx dydz
x  dx

x x
Shear stress (related to the Normal stress (related to
 yx x dxdz  zx dxdy
x  dx time rate of change of the the time rate of change of
shearing deformation) volume)

 v v  vx
Newtonian, constant density  yx    y  x   xx  2
 x y  x
τyx ------the force per unit area in the positive x direction on a plane perpendicular
to the y direction.
τxx ------the force per unit area in the positive x direction on a plane perpendicular
7
to the x direction.
Shear stress vs. normal stress
Flow in a converging duct

Newtonian fluid with constant density

vz  f ( r , z )
vz
 zz  2 0
z
dvr
 rr  2 0
dr

At the wall, however, the normal stresses all

vanish provided that the density is constant.

8
Convective transport of momentum
Momentum transport through the fluid by the bulk flow
At center (x, y, z) , the velocity vector is v.
Compare
ρvyvx: convective flux of x-momentum
across a surface perpendicular to the y-
direction.
τyx: molecular flux of x-momentum
across a surface perpendicular to the y-
direction.

9
 Navier-Stokes equation
in rectangular coordinates
For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )

 vx vx vx vx    2vx  2vx  2vx  p

  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gx
 t x y z   x y z  x
 v y v y v y v y    2v y  2v y  2v y  p
  vx  vy  vz    2  2  2     gy
 t x y z   x y z  y
 vz vz vz vz    2vz  2 vz  2 vz  p
  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gz
 t x y z   x y z  z

10
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )
z z
v v
vz vz
vy
vθ
vx
vr

y r y
θ

x x
 v v v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p
  r  vr r    vz      r   2  2  2     gr
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r   r 
2
z r   r
 v v v v v vr v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr 
  1 p
    vr     vz       
 2      g
 t r r  z r   
 r r r  r  2
z 2
r 2
 
 r  

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r      g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2 2
z   z 11
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
Example 1: laminar flow in horizontal straight pipes
z p
  g r   g sin 
r
r  z gθ If   0 or  ,
p
0
g r
gr Otherwise, p  p0   gr sin   p0

y p
r (e.g.,  gr sin   p0 ) 0
vr  0, v  0,  z  0 θ r

x
 vr vr v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p
  vr   vz      r   2  2  2     gr
  t r r  z r  
 r r r  r  r  2
z r   r

 v v v v v v v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr  1 p

    vr      vz   r        2  2  2    g
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r 
2
z r   r 

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r    
2  z
 g z
 t r  z  
 r r  r 2
 r  2
z  
so: no pressure gradient in radial and tangential direction ( pr  0; p

0 ) 12
 Example 1: laminar flow in
horizontal straight pipes
z vz

r  z

r y
dθ
θ
x
Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates (z direction only)
 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r      g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2 2
z   z

vr=0 v=0 no cylinder no

gz =0
stationary acceleration symmetry acceleration

1   vz  p p p
 r  0 0
r r  r  z r  13
 Some simple calculus
vz is just a function of r
  vz  r p p is just a function of z  dvz  1 dp
r
r  r

  z vz dv
 z;
p

dp  d  r dr    dz  rdr
r dr z dz

dvz r 2 dp dvz r dp
r   c1  
dr 2 dz dr 2 dz
1 dp 1 dp 2
 dvz  2 dz  rdr  vz 
4 dz
r  c2
dvz
Boundary conditions:
r  0: 0  c1  0
dr
r  z 1 dp 2
r  R: vz  0  c2   R
4 dz
1  dp  2 2
vz     R  r 
4  dz  14
 General case
Laminar flow in straight pipes under any
orientation
 vr vr v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  vr  vr 2 v  p
2 2
  vr   vz       r   2  2  2     gr
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r   r 
2
z r   r

 v v v v v vr v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr  1 p

  vr   vz       2  2  2    g
 t  r r   z r   r  r r  r  2
z r   r 

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r    2 
  g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2
z   z

vr  0, v  0,  z  0
z “Modified pressure”
p  p   gh
h  p p 1  p 1 p  p p
r      gr ;    g ;    gz
r r r  r  z z
15
Arbitrary datum plane
 General case
Laminar flow in straight pipes under any
orientation
p p 1   vz  p
 0;  0;  r 
z r  r r  r  z
1  dp 2 2
h vz    R  r 
r  4  dz 

p  p   gh p2, z=h2

For upward flow in a vertical pipe

R2  d p 
Average velocity  vz    p1, z=h1
8  dz  e
/R
64

8  vz   h2  h1  1 2  h2  h1  <vz>
=

 p1   gh1    p2   gh2    4 f    v z 
R2 2 D
16
Laminar flow through a network of tubes
A fluid is flowing in laminar flow from A to B through a network
of tubes. Obtain an expression for the mass flow rate of the fluid
entering at A (or leaving at B) as a function of the modified
pressure drop ( p  p   gh , h is the height above some arbitrary
datum plane).
Neglect the disturbances at the various tube junctions.

17
Laminar flow through a network of tubes
Solution:
For laminar flow in a straight tube under any orientation Modified
pressure
1  dp 2 2  R4  d p 
vz    R  r  v   
4  dz  8  dx 

v Take the flow route A-1-4-B:

1
 v  8
1 p A  p1  d p  3
v    
3 L  dx  A1  R 4

1
 v  8
1 p1  p4 6
v v 
6 L  R4
1 1
v   8
3 p4  pB 3 v

L  R4 18
Laminar flow through a network of tubes
Solution:
p A  pB p A  p1 p1  p4 p4  pB
  
L L L L
1 1 1
 v  8  v  8  v  8
3  6  3
 R4  R4  R4
20 v

3 R 4

20 v L 20 m L
p A  pB  
3 R 4
3 R 4 

m 
 
3 p A  pB  R 4 
20 L 19
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Momentum balance approach
- Neglecting the flow disturbances at the edges of the system.
- Film width (W) and length (L) are large compared to the film thickness (δ).
- Shear stress at gas-liquid interface is taken zero. y
vz  vz ( x); vx  0; v y  0;
z x
x
p  p  x ur e
s s
Pre ce
for
r ce ce
fo f o r
vity e ar
Gr
a Sh
β
ur e
s s L
Pre ce Direction of gravity
for

δ
20
Application: wetted-wall towers, evaporation, gas absorption, coatings
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Momentum balance approach
dX
V   in X in   out X out   F
dt
Steady, vz constant F 0 y
Relevant forces (z direction): z
x x
pressure forces (p1-p2)×surface e
ss ur
Shear force τxz ×surface Pre ce
Gravity force ρgcosβ ×volume for
c e ce
vz  vz ( x ); p  p  x  y fo r
r f o r
v it e a
Gr
a Sh
β
su re
r e s L
P ce Direction of gravity
for

δ 21
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Momentum balance approach y

 xzWL   g cos  WLx x z

dvz x
 xz   L e
dx c
y f or
v it ce
dvz 1 Gr
a o r
   g cos  x ar f

W
e
dx  Sh
1
Integration  dvz     g cos  xdx

1 x2
vz    g cos    c
 2
Introduce your boundary conditions
1 2
vz  0 at x    c   g cos  
 2 22
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Momentum balance approach z x

 g cos 
2  x 
2

vz   1    
2    

The maximum velocity vz,max is the velocity at the surface (x = 0)

 g 2 cos 
vz ,max  x
2
Integrate to obtain throughput Φv
over a cross section of the film
d  v  vzWdx
  g cos   x 
2
2
 gW  3 cos 
v  W  1    dx 
0 2     3 23
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Momentum balance approach
The average velocity <vz> over a cross section of the film
 v  g 2 cos  2
 vz    vz ,max
W 3 3
4  vz  
Reynolds number Re 

Experimental observations of falling film shows that there are
actually three regimes:
(1) Laminar flow with negligible rippling Re < 20
(2) Laminar flow with pronounced rippling 20 < Re <1500
(3) Turbulent flow Re > 1500

The formulas derived are useful up to about Re = 20!

24
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Application of Navier-Stokes equation
Newtonian, incompressible
vz  vz ( x); g x  g sin 
β
vx  0; gy  0
vy  0 g z  g cos 
Direction of gravity

 vx vx vx vx    2vx  2vx  2vx  p

  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gx
 t x y z   x y z  x
 v y v y v y v y    2v y  2v y  2v y  p
  vx  vy  vz    2  2  2     gy
 t x y z   x y z  y
 vz vz vz vz    2vz  2 vz  2 vz  p
  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gz
 t x y z   x y z  z 25
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Application of Navier-Stokes equation
p
0   g sin 
x
p
0
y
β
 2 vz p
0   2    g cos 
x z
Direction of gravity

Boundary condition
p   gx sin   patm p   gx sin   c x  0, p  patm
 2 vz
 2    g cos 
x
patm-----atmospheric pressure
26
Example 2: Laminar flow of a falling film
Application of Navier-Stokes equation
Some simple calculation
  vz   g cos  vz is just a function of x
 dvz   g cos 

x  x 

 vz
 dv
 z
 d  dx      dx
x dx
dvz  g cos  dvz  g cos 
 x  c1   x
dx  dx 
 g cos   g cos  2
 dvz     xdx  vz  
2
x  c2
dvz
Boundary conditions: x  0:  xz   0  c1  0
dx
 g cos  2
x  : vz  0  c2  
2
 x 
β 2
 g cos 
2
vz  1    
2    
Direction of gravity
27
 Calculation of film velocity

An oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2×10-4 m2/s and a

density of 0.8×103 kg/m3.

If we want to have a falling film of thickness of 2.5 mm

on a vertical wall (width: W = 0.5 m), what should the
mass flow rate of the liquid be?

28
 Calculation of film velocity
Solution:
ρ = 0.8×103 kg/m3, ν = 2×10-4 m2/s
β = 0 (vertical), δ = 2.5 mm, W = 0.5 m
Calculate the volumetric flow rate Φv
 gW  cos  gW  9.81 0.5   2.5 10 
3 3 3 3
4
v   = =1.28  10 m 3
/s
3 3 3  2  10 4

Calculate the mass flow rate Φm

 m   v  0.8  103  1.28  104 =0.102 kg/s
Check Reynolds number
4  vz   4 v 4 1.28 10 4
Re     5.1  20
 W 4
2 10  0.5
Reynolds number is sufficiently low, so rippling will be not pronounced.
Reasonable calculation! 29
Practical
Practical rheology
rheology
 Sir Isaac Newton (1646-1723)
The resistance which arises
from the lack of slipperiness
originating in a fluid, other
things being equal, is
proportional to the velocity
by which the parts of the
fluid are being separated
from each other

Philosopiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica
(1687)
31
 Principia Mathematica
(e motibus fluidorum)

The resistance which arises

from the lack of slipperiness
originating in a fluid, other
tings being equal, is
proportional to the velocity
by which the parts of the
fluid are being separated
from each other

dvx
?  yx  
dy
32
 Newtonian fluid

water,
yx
lower carbohydrates
silicon oil
glycerol
honey
η
all gasses

-dvx/dy

(if dvx/dy <0)

33
 Some examples
Water, lower carbohydrates,
silicon oil, glycerol, all gasses
yx

Tooth paste, putty, mayonnaise

Printing ink, yoghurt, blood

Polymers, ketchup, proteins,

paint

Gravy, quick sand -dvx/dy

Non-Newtonian behaviour: frequently associated with complex internal structure

(fluid has large complex molecules) or fluid is a heterogeneous solution (like a
34
suspension)...
 Constitutive equations
Newton
dvx
 yx  
dy
Bingham plastic yx
dvx
 yx   0   p
dy
Casson fluid
dvx
 yx   0   c
dy
Power law
n  n 1
dvx dvx  dvx  -dvx/dy
 yx K  K  
dy dy  dy 
35
 The power law
Pseudoplastic materials and power law
n  n 1  dv 
dvx dvx  dvx  n<1 log   a   log  K    n  1 log  x 
 yx K  K    dy 
dy dy  dy 
dvx log  a  n>1
 yx  a
dy
 n 1
dvx n=1
a  K
dy
n = 1: Newtonian  dvx 
n < 1: pseudoplastic (shear thining) log  
n > 1: dilatant (shear thickening, less common)  dy 
a : apparent viscosity K: consistency n: power law index
.
Shear thinning: decrease in apparent viscosity with increasing rate of shear strain 
(=-dvx/dy). .
Shear thickening: increase in apparent viscosity with increasing rate of shear strain  36
Practical uses of shear thinning fluids

When the chips are done, what do you choose?

37
Why are fluids shear thinning?
No shear:

Shear:

orientation ordering de-agglomeration distorsion stretching

38
 Cosmetics plant

Protein solution:
viscous dissipation in a small volume,
local overheating of the fluid
strong denaturation and degradation of the proteins
39
 Can you walk on water?
(Non-Newtonian fluid pool)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-wxnID2q4A 40
Why are fluids shear thickening?

No shear Shear:

In highly filled systems shear causes solids hindrance

Dangerous fluids to process !

41
 Why can you walk on oobleck?
 Non-Newtonian fluid: cornstarch - water mixture, a suspension, not a
solution
 Flow: the cushion of water provides lubrication and allows the granules of
starch to move freely.
 Shear thickening: under shear forces applied abruptly, the water is
squeezed out from between the granules and the friction between them
increases rather dramatically (viscosity increase, behaving like a solid!).

42
Liquid body armour save you
from a bullet?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5Ts9lYZIDk 43