Unit IV

TCP/IP Reference Model

Named after its two main protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
 TCP/IP Reference Models
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model
initially.
 The Internet Layer
The Job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network
and have them travel independently to the destination.
• Packets may arrive in a different order than they were sent.
• In that case, higher layers rearrange them.
• Defines an official packet format and protocol called IP
(Internet protocol).
• Main jobs
– Deliver IP packets to destination.
– Routing
– congestion
 The Transport Layer
The job is to allow peer entities on the source
and destination hosts to carry on a conversation.
Two end-to-end protocols are defined.
1.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
1. Reliable connection oriented protocol
2. Allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be
delivered without an error on any other machine.
3. Fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete messages
and passes each one on to the internet layer.
4. At destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the
received messages into the output stream.
5. Also flow control.
 The Transport Layer
2.User datagram protocol (UDP)
Unreliable , connectionless protocol
1. Where sequencing or flow control not
required.
2. Where prompt delivery is more important
than accurate delivery (transmitting speech)
 The Application Layer
It contains all the higher level protocols.
1.Virtual terminal (TELNET)- allows a user on one
machine to log onto a distant machine.
2.File transfer (FTP) – provides a way to move data
efficiently from one machine to another.
3.Electronic mail (SMTP) – to transfer mails.
4.Domain Name system (DNS) – mapping host
names onto their network addresses.
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models

Concepts central to the OSI model

• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
OSI model TCP/IP model
1. It clearly distinguishes among 1. It does not distinguish between
services, interfaces and service, interfaces and protocols.
protocols.
2. Protocols came first.
2. Model was devised before the
corresponding protocols were
invented.
3. Changes can be incorporated. 3. Changes are not easy.
4. Seven layers 4. Four layers
5. Only connection oriented in 5. Both at transport.
transport.
6. Both at network layer 6. Connectionless at network.
Hybrid Model
Architecture of the Internet
 Architecture of the Internet
• A Client calls his/her ISP over a Dial-Up telephone line.
• Modem Works.
• POP (Point of Presence), Signals are removed from the
telephone system and injected into the ISP’s network.
• Here onwards system is fully digital & Packet Switched.
• The ISP’s Regional Network Consists of Interconnected
Routers in the various cities the ISP Serves.
• If the Packet is Destined for host served directly by the
ISP the packet is delivered otherwise handed over to
ISP’s backbone Operator.
 Architecture of the Internet
• Backbone operators operate large international backbone
networks, with thousands of routers connected by high
bandwidth fiber optics.
• Server farms are directly connected to the backbone.
– With help of carrier hotels( equipment racks in the same room as the router to
allow short, fast connections between server farms and the backbone), created
by renting space.
• If a packet given to the backbone is Destined for an ISP served
directly by the backbone, it is sent to the closest router and
handed off there.
• Otherwise a packet may go to a competing backbone.
• Backbones are connected at the NAPs. (a room full of routers,
at least one for each backbone)
• Private peering (direct connections between backbone’s
routers) is also there.