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Transmission of
microorganism
s
Contaminated
Hospital Staffs Environment
Instruments
Sources of Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Surgical personnel
Non-sterile barriers:
Surgical
clothing
Scrub tops
Surgical
head cover
Face masks
Sterile barriers:
Gloves
Surgical skin
Sources of Contamination
Patient
Operating theatre
environment
Surgical
equipments
Principles of surgery asepsis
Followings are the principles of
surgical asepsis:
1. Use only sterile items within a sterile field.
2. Scrubbed personnel are gowned and gloved.
3.Sterile personnel operate within a sterile filed
(sterile personnel touch only sterile items
or
areas, unsterile personnel touch
only unsterile items or areas.
Principles of surgery asepsis
4. Sterile drapes are used to crate a sterile field.
5. All items used in a sterile field must be sterile.
6. All items introduced onto a sterile field should
be opened , dispensed and transferred by methods
that maintain sterility and integrity.
7. A sterile field should be maintained and
monitored constantly.
8. Surgical staff should be trained to recognize
when they have broken technique and should
know how to remedy the situation.
Levels of sterility and disinfection
• On the basis of magnitude of the risk of
infection, the use of surgical instruments and
equipments can be classified into three
categories:
Level of Sterility and Disinfection
1. Critical: Surgical 3. Noncritical: Face
Pack Instruments 2. Semicritical:
masks and
Endotracheal tube
Rebreathing Bags
Preparation for Surgery
• It involves:
Surgeon’s
preparation:
1. Surgical head cover
2. Mask Patient preparation:
3. Surgical shoes 1. Hair removal
4. Hand scrubbing 2. skin preparation
5. Hand drying 3. Patient draping
6. Gowning
7. Gloving
Scrub Solutions
• Commonly used scrub
solutions are:
1. Chlorhexidine
- Excellent spectrum
- Ocassionally sensitive
to mucous
membrane.
2. Povidine iodine
- Excellent spectrum
- Ocassionally skin
sensitive.
Wrapping Instrument Packs
Folding and Wrapping Surgical Gown
Unwrapping of Sterile Packs
Hand Scrubbing Technique
Steps in Surgical Gloving
1 2 3
4 5
a. Formaldehyde:
It is in the form of formalin, 37-40% solution
of formaldehyde and water.
Capable of killing all bacteria, viruses and
spores.
Extremely pungent smell, irritating to skin and
mucous membranes and has limited
application as a cold sterilization agent.
Chemical or cold sterilization
40% Formalin is
used in fumigator at
minimum
relative humidity of
70%, temperature 30-
sterilize
40°C to operation
theatre.
180 of 40%
formalin
ml is used for
1000 size off
cu room. t.
Chemical or cold sterilization
•Uses:
Disinfection of organic wastes, hospital floors, walls.
Disinfection of membranes in dialysis equipment etc.
•b. Glutaraldehyde:
2% solution of glutaraldehyde is used for
disinfection of lenses, dental equipments, delicate
instruments or anesthetic accessories.
It is also irritating to skin and mucous membrane
and odor, so well rinsed before use.
Chemical or cold sterilization
3. Chlorhexidine:
An antiseptic agent available in
detergent, tincture and aqueous formulations.
0.75-1% solution used for scrubbing.
Widely used for preparation of surgical patients
and for surgical hand scrubs due to nonirritating
property to skin.
Effective against gram negative and gram
positive organisms, repeated use increases its
effectiveness.
Chemical or cold sterilization
4. Quaternary ammonium compounds: It is
also used in fumigation/fogging of
operation theatre for 45 minutes.
Example: Microgen D-125 (a commercial
product).
It is bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal
disinfectant.
15 ml of concentrate Microgen D-
125mixed in 1 litre of water for
disinfection every 1000 cu. Ft room in
high risk areas like operation theatre,
ICU, Pathology laboratory etc.
Chemical or cold sterilization
5. Iodine compounds
Mechanism of action: released free
iodine from carrier molecules and acts as
disinfectant.
1. Povidine Iodine (Betadine):
Bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal but
poor sporicidal activity.
Used for cleaning of wounds, scrubbing of
hands.
2. Iodophors (7.5%): Used as scrub solution for
cleaning dark colored floors and countertops.
Chemical or cold sterilization
•6. Chlorine compounds
Mechanism of action: by chlorination
and oxidation of essential molecules.
•1. Hypochlorite:
2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution is used.
Used for cleaning floor and countertops.
Inactivated by organic debris and corrosive to
metal.
Chemical or cold sterilization
7. Phenol and its derivative:
a. Phenol:
2% solution used for disinfection.
Acts by disrupting the cell membranes and
precipitate cellular proteins.
Bactericidal but do not affect viruses and
spores.
Commonly used as cold sterilint in
combination with detergents or soaps to increase
the spectrum of their activity.
Chemical or cold sterilization
b.Crysol: 0.5 – 1% of Crysol used as
intestinal antiseptic.
c. Lysol: used for disinfection of non-
living objects. Examples: Disinfection of
floor, Bathrooms, Washbasins, organic
wastes such as faeces and urine etc.
d.Chloroxylenol (dettol): 2% solution of
dettol used for antiseptic for intact skin.
Gas sterilization
1. Ethylene oxide gas:
Effective against all types of
microorganisms.
Kill microorganisms by
altering their normal cellular
metabolism and replication
through alkylation of protein,
ribonucleic acids and
deoxyribonucleic acid.
Moisture and heat sensitive
equipments can be sterilized .
Gas sterilization
• The effectiveness of ethylene oxide gas as
a sterilizing agent depends on:
a. Gas concentration: 450 – 1500 mg/L.
b. Temperature: usually 21- 60⁰C.
c. Exposure time: 48 minutes to several hours.
d.Humidity: 40%, necessary for lethal action of
ethylene oxide.
Gas sterilization
Used to sterilize
Endocope
Gloves
Catheters
Items
sealed in
plastic
etc.
Irradiation
Radiation used for sterilization is of two Ionising and
types: Non-ionising radiation.
Ionising Radiation: Uses shorter wavelengh, high intensity and
high penetrating radiation to destroy microorganisms. For
example: Gamma rays, X-rays.
Gamma rays have shorter wavelength with deeper penetration .
Used to sterilize pre-packed items:
Surgical blades, Swabs, Catheters, Syringes
Gowns
Drapes
Table covers etc.
Non-ionising radiation: Uses longer wavelengh having lower
energy and penetration. For example: UV rays
UV rays (300-400nm wavelength) produced by mercury vapor
lamp used to sterilize table surfaces, room.