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Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham dia- grams for
reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent. Hydrometallurgy with
reference to cyanide process for silver and gold, Methods of purification of metals (Al, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu,
Ni, Zn): electrolytic, oxidative refining, van Arkel-de Boer process and Mond’s process.
cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules.
Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment
only). Liquids Surface tension and its determination using stalagmome- ter. Viscosity of a liquid and
determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscome- ter. Effect of temperature on surface
tension and coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only) Solids Forms of solids, Symmetry
elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and identification of lattice planes. Laws of
Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial angles, Law of rational indices. Miller indices. X-Ray
diffraction by crystals, Bragg’s law. Structures of NaCl, KCl and CsCl (qualitative treatment only). Defects
in crystals. Glasses and liquid crystals.
Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics 11 Lecture Hours
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on reaction
rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for zero, first and
second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of reactants). Half-life of a reaction.
General methods for determination of order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and its
calculation from Arrhenius equation. Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated
Complex theory of bimolecular reactions. Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).
Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3, N2H4, N3H,
NH2OH)
NH only thermally stable hydride.
3
Prepared industrially by the Haber process (500 oC, high pressure),
naturally by nitrogen fixation.
Ammonia:
Nitrogen trihydride
Formula and structure: The chemical formula of ammonia is NH3,
and it's molar mass is 17.03 g/mol.
The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape,
with nitrogen connected to the three hydrogen atoms.
The nitrogen atom has a lone electron pair, which makes ammonia a base.
Ammonia is a weak base.
It combines with various acids to form ammonium salts,
which are important chemicals in many industries.
Ammonia readily dissolves in water in an exothermic reaction,
to form aqueous ammonia solution, also called as ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH).
Uses: Ammonia is the precursor to various important nitrogen
compounds, such as urea, amino acids, phenol, acrylonitrile,
hydrogen cyanide, soda ash, nitric acid, and many others. It is
also used for the production of fertilizers, polymers, synthetic
fibres (nylon, rayon), explosives (TNT, nitroglycerin), cleaning
agents, and refrigerants
N2H4