Introduction to Data

Mining

Dr. Abdul Majid

adlmjd@yahoo.com

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Why Data Mining?
 Data vs. Information:
 Data: recorded facts
 Information: patterns underlying the data
 The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to
petabytes
 Data collection and data availability
 Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society
 Major sources of abundant data
 Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
 Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …
 Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Why Data Mining?

 We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!

 We are data rich, but information poor.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What is Data Mining?
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—
Automated analysis of massive data sets.
 Data mining—searching for knowledge (interesting
patterns) in your data.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Evolution of Database Technology
 1960s:
 Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS

 1970s:
 Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation

 1980s:
 RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO,

deductive, etc.)
 Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)

 1990s:
 Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web

databases
 2000s
 Stream data management and mining

 Data mining and its applications

 Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information

systems
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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What is Data Mining?
 Data Mining(knowledge discovery from data)
 Refers to extracting or “mining” knowledge from large amounts of
data.
 Extraction of interesting (implicit, previously unknown and
potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amount of
data.

 Alternative names
 Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data dredging,
information harvesting, business intelligence, etc.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Knowledge Discovery Process
 Data mining can be viewed as simply an essential step
in the process of knowledge discovery.

 This is a view from typical

database systems and data
warehousing communities
 Data mining plays an essential
role in the knowledge discovery
process

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Knowledge Discovery Process
 Knowledge Discovery Process
 Data cleaning (to remove noise and inconsistent data)
 Data integration (where multiple data sources may be combined
 Data selection (where data relevant to the analysis task are retrieved
from the database)
 Data transformation (where data are transformed and consolidated into
forms appropriate for mining by performing summary or aggregation
operations)
 Data mining (an essential process where intelligent methods are
applied to extract data patterns)
 Pattern evaluation (to identify the truly interesting patterns representing
knowledge based on interestingness measures
 Knowledge presentation (where visualization and knowledge
representation techniques are used to present mined knowledge to
users)
 Steps 1 through 4 are different forms of data preprocessing

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What Kind of Data Can be Mined?
 Database-oriented data sets and applications
 Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
 Advanced data sets and advanced applications
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Object-relational databases
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
 Multimedia database
 Text databases
 The World-Wide Web

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Database Data
 Database Data: Database management system
(DBMS), consists of a collection of interrelated data,
known as a database, and a set of software programs to
manage and access the data.
 The software programs provide mechanisms
 for defining database structures and data storage;
 for specifying and managing concurrent, shared, or distributed
data access;
 for ensuring consistency and security of the information stored
despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.
 A relational database is a collection of tables, each of
which is assigned a unique name.
 Each table consists of a set of attributes (columns or fields) and
usually stores a large set of tuples (records or rows).

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Database Data

 An example AllElectonics relational database

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Data Warehouse
 Data warehouse: A data warehouse is a repository of
information collected from multiple sources, stored under
a unified schema, and usually residing at a single site.
 Data in a data warehouse are organized around major
subjects (e.g., customer, item, supplier, and activity).
 The data are stored to provide information from a
historical perspective, such as in the past 6 to 12 months,
and
 A data warehouse is usually modeled by a
multidimensional data structure, called a data cube, are
typically summarized.
 Each dimension corresponds to an attribute or a set of attributes
in the schema, and each cell stores the value of some aggregate
measure such as count

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Data Warehouse

A multidimensional data cube, commonly used for data warehousing, (a) showing summarized data for
AllElectronics and (b) showing summarized data resulting from drill-down and roll-up operations on the cube in (a).

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Data Warehouse
 Data warehouses are constructed via a process of data
cleaning, data integration, data transformation, data
loading, and periodic data refreshing.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Transactional Data
 Transactional Data: Each record in a transactional
database captures a transaction, such as a customer’s
purchase, a flight booking, or a user’s clicks on a web
page.
 A transaction typically includes a unique transaction identity
number (trans ID) and a list of the items making up the
transaction, such as the items purchased in the transaction.
 A transactional database may have additional tables, which
contain other information related to the transactions.
 Transactions can be stored in a table, with one record
per transaction.
 Because most relational database systems do not support
nested relational structures, the transactional database is usually
either stored in a flat file

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Transactional Data

Fragment of a transactional database for sales at AllElectronics.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What Kind of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 Data mining functionalities.
 Characterization and discrimination
 Mining of frequent patterns, associations, and correlations
 Classification and regression
 Clustering analysis
 Outlier analysis
 Data mining functionalities are used to specify the kinds of
patterns to be found in data mining tasks.
 In general, data mining tasks can be classified into two
categories: descriptive and predictive.
 Descriptive mining tasks characterize properties of the data in a
target data set.
 Predictive mining tasks perform induction on the current data in
order to make predictions.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Concept/Class Description
 Characterization: summarization of the general
characteristics or features of a target class of data.
 The output of data characterization can be presented in
various forms.
 E.g., pie charts, bar charts, curves, multidimensional data
cubes, and multidimensional tables, including crosstabs.

 Example:
 A customer relationship manager at AllElectronics may order the
following data mining task: Summarize the characteristics of
customers who spend more than $5000 a year at AllElectronics.
The result is a general profile of these customers, such as that
they are 40 to 50 years old, employed, and have excellent credit
ratings.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Concept/Class Description
 Discrimination: Comparison of the general features of
the target class data objects against the general features
of objects from one or multiple contrasting classes.
 The forms of output presentation are similar to those for
characteristic descriptions.
 Example:
 A customer relationship manager at AllElectronics may want to compare
two groups of customers—those who shop for computer products
regularly (e.g., more than twice a month) and those who rarely shop for
such products (e.g., less than three times a year). The resulting
description provides a general comparative profile of these customers,
such as that 80% of the customers who frequently purchase computer
products are between 20 and 40 years old and have a university
education, whereas 60% of the customers who infrequently buy such
products are either seniors or youths, and have no university degree.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Frequent Patterns, Association and Correlation Analysis

 Mining Frequent Patterns: Frequent patterns are

patterns that occur frequently in data.
 The kinds of frequent patterns
 Frequent item sets patterns: refers to a set of items that
frequently appear together in a transactional data set, such as
milk and bread.
 Frequent sequential patterns: such as the pattern that
customers tend to purchase first a PC, followed by a digital
camera, and then a memory card, is a (frequent) sequential
pattern.
 Mining frequent patterns leads to the discovery of
interesting associations and correlations within data.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Frequent Patterns, Association and Correlation Analysis

 An example of association rule:

 
 where X is a variable representing a customer.
 A confidence, or certainty, of 50% means that if a customer
buys a computer, there is a 50% chance that she will buy
software as well.
 A 1% rule support means that 1% of all of the transactions
under analysis showed that computer and software were
purchased together.
 This association rule involves a single attribute or
predicate (i.e., buys) that repeats, referred to as single-
dimensional

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Frequent Patterns, Association and Correlation Analysis

 We may find association rules like:

 The rule indicates that of the customers under study, 2% are 20

to 29 years of age with an income of 20,000 to 29,000 and have
purchased a CD player at AllElectronics.  
 There is a 60% probability that a customer in this age and
income group will purchase a CD player.
 This is an association between more than one attribute
(i.e., age, income, and buys).  
 This is a multidimensional association rule.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Classification
 Classification and label prediction
 Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
 Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
 E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
 Predict some unknown class labels
 Typical methods
 Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, pattern-
based classification, logistic regression, …
 Typical applications:
 Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages, …

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Classification

A classification model can be represented in various forms: (a)

IF-THEN rules, (b) a decision tree, or (c) a neural network.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Clustering
 Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)
 Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters), e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns
 Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing
interclass similarity
 Many methods and applications

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Clustering

A 2-D plot of customer data with respect to customer locations

in a city, showing three data clusters.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Clustering
 The output takes the form of a diagram that shows how
the instances fall into clusters.
 Different cases:
 Simple 2D representation: involves associating a cluster
number with each instance
 Venn diagram: allow one instance to belong to more than one
cluster
 Probabilistic assignment: associate instances with clusters
probabilistically
 Dendrogram: produces a hierarchical structure of clusters
(dendron is the Greek word for tree)

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Introduction to Data Mining
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Clustering
Introduction to Data Mining
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Clustering
 Introduction to Data Mining
Outlier Analysis
 Outlier analysis
 Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
 Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be another
person’s treasure
 Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
 Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Are All Patterns are Interesting?
 Data mining may generate thousands of patterns: Not all
of them are interesting
 What makes a pattern interesting?
 Easily understood by humans,
 Valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty
 Potentially useful
 Novel
 Validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm
 Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures
 Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g.,
support, confidence, etc.
 Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g.,
unexpectedness, novelty, actionability, etc.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What Technology Are Used?

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering to
PageRank & HITS algorithms
 Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
 Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
 Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster analysis
(microarray data analysis), biological sequence analysis, biological
network analysis
 Data mining and software engineering (e.g., IEEE Computer, Aug.
2009 issue)
 From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g., SAS, MS
SQL-Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools) to invisible
data mining

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Major Issues In Data Mining
 Mining Methodology
 Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
 Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
 Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
 Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
 Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
 Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
 User Interaction
 Interactive mining
 Incorporation of background knowledge
 Presentation and visualization of data mining results

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Major Issues In Data Mining
 Efficiency and Scalability
 Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
 Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
 Diversity of data types
 Handling complex types of data
 Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
 Data mining and society
 Social impacts of data mining
 Privacy-preserving data mining
 Invisible data mining

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining Society
 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.
Frawley, 1991)
 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G.
Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
 Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
 ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
 More conferences on data mining
 PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), etc.
 ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
 KDD Conferences  Other related conferences
 ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on
 DB conferences: ACM SIGMOD,
Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining VLDB, ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, …
(KDD)  Web and IR conferences: WWW,

 SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM) SIGIR, WSDM

 (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data  ML conferences: ICML, NIPS

Mining (ICDM)  PR conferences: CVPR,

 European Conf. on Machine
 Journals
Learning and Principles and
 Data Mining and Knowledge
practices of Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
(ECML-PKDD)  IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and

 Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge Data Eng. (TKDE)

Discovery and Data Mining  KDD Explorations
(PAKDD)
 ACM Trans. on KDD
 Int. Conf. on Web Search and

Data Mining (WSDM)

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google
 Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
 Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
 Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
 Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
 AI & Machine Learning
 Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.
 Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-
PAMI, etc.
 Web and IR
 Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
 Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
 Statistics
 Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
 Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
 Visualization
 Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
 Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary

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 Introduction to Data Mining
Summary
 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from
massive amount of data
 A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
 A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
 Mining can be performed in a variety of data
 Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
 Data mining technologies and applications
 Major issues in data mining

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