TELEPHONY

ENGR. PHIL
LOMBOY
 TELEPHONY
 theart of projecting a sound wave
into a given apparatus,
transforming the sound wave into
an electrical wave, passing the
electrical wave over a wire or
circuit and then transforming the
electrical wave back into a sound
wave.
THREE MAJOR FUNDAMENTALS

 PHYSICAL
HUMAN ELEMENT

 MECHANICAL
APPARATUS OR EQUIPMENT

 ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICITY
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 EXCHANGE PART
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 SUBSCRIBER PART
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL PARTS

 INTER - EXCHANGE PART

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE
SET
 To call the Local Exchange
 To transmit the desired
subscriber’s number
 To receive different tone signals
 To transmit and receive speech
 to order the clearing of
connection
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

1. Transmitter (mouth piece) – converts the

sound wave into electrical wave.

2. Receiver (ear piece) – converts the varying

electric current that represents the
transmitted speech signal into an audible
sound that will re-create the sound.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

3. Ringer (bell) - a signaling system from a

telephone exchange to a called phone to
impart that a call should be answered.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

4. Hybrid Function (speech transformer) – an

indication coil which is a multiple winding
transformer intended to interface a 2-wire
circuit to a 4-wire circuit to permit 2-way
transmission of signals, that is, in both
direction at the same time.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET
5. Balancing Network – small amount of the
transmitted signal is also fed to the
receiver of the talking phone. Such signal
is called the sidetone. Varistor is used for
automatic adjustment of the sidetone level
for telephone set.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

6. Over-Voltage and Reverse Polarity

Protection – Zener diode is used to protect
the circuits from transients and over-
voltages. Rectifier Bridge is the method
commonly used to protect against polarity
reversal.

7. Transmission regulation circuit – together with the

speech transformer, it regulates the strength and
quality of sound.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

8. Dial system / Push button keypad

Rotary Dial (Pulse Dialing) is marked from 0
to 9 with each number representing a
corresponding number of pulses that would
be generated once the dial is rotated from a
starting position towards the fixed point.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

Keypad System
(DTMF; Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
utilizes specific pairs of frequency within
the voice band for each key. Pressing one
of the keys causes an electronic circuit to
generate two tones in the voice frequency
band. There is a low frequency tone for
each column.
 MODERN COMPONENTS OF A
TELEPHONE SET

Keypad System
(DTMF; Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
 DTMF VS PULSE DIALING
 DTMFdialing recognizes digit tones in
50 msec, with an interdigit interval of
another 50 msec.

 PulseDialing requires 60 msec break

and 40 msec make (total of 100 msec)
for each dial pulse. The interdigit
interval is 700 msec.
 EXAMPLE
 How much time would you save if you dial
781-1005 using DTMF dialing over pulse
dialing?
GUESS THE TITLE
 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
1. Manual Control
– early telephone switchboards were
operated manually using a jack for each line
and two plugs on a long flexible wire, called
cord pair, for making the connection.
 MANUAL CONTROL

- to make connection, the operator picked up

a cord, plugged it into the jack corresponding
to the line requesting service, obtained from
the calling party the name or number of the
desired party, and then plugged the other
end of the cord pair into the correct outgoing
line jack.
 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
2. Progressive Control (Step by Step Switching)
- a call is progressively carried out to the
desired terminal under the direct control of
the subscriber’s initiated pulses.

- invented by Almon B. Strowger in 1889

PROGRESSIVE CONTROL
PROGRESSIVE CONTROL
 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
3. Common Control (Crossbar System)
- method of switching which when
directed to a common control unit will
select and close a path through a matrix
arrangement of switches called crossbar
or crosspoint switches.
 SWITCHING SYSTEMS
4. Stored Program Control
(Electronic Switching System; ESS)
- the switching procedures are controlled
by means of a computer and program
software that monitors all office activity,
sees what service needs are, and initiates
action to fulfill the need
 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL

Stored Program Control

(Electronic Switching System; ESS)

Features:
 SIGNALING
 Refers to the specific signals on the
transmission line that are used for
controlling the connection from the calling
telephone to the called telephone and
signals that are used to indicate the status
of a cal as it is being interconnected.

 Provides a means for operating and

supervising a telephone communication
system.

 Establishes connections, announces

incoming calls and reports the fact that a
 SIGNALING FUNCTIONS
1. Ringing Signals
- used to operate a visible or audible alarm
to alert someone of an incoming call.
Note:
Supervisory signals and
address signals are
2. Supervisory Signals by means
accomplished
- used of
todirect
convey information
current (DC) regarding
switchboard conditions.
while ringing (On-hook
signals by or Off-
hook) AC.
 

3. Address Signals
- convey dialing or digital information
when is necessary to establish the desired
 SIGNALING FUNCTIONS
Three Methods of Subscriber Loop Signaling

1. Wet – Dry
 Signalinginformation is indicated by the
presence (wet) and absence (dry) of a battery
and ground condition on the line at the called
end of the trunk.
2. Reverse Battery
 Loop signaling isaccomplished by reversing the
polarity of the battery on the line to indicate
supervisory conditions.
3. High – Low Method
On Hook – high resistance
Off Hook – low resistance
 E & M SIGNALING
 Employs 2 leads to connect the signaling
equipment to the trunk circuit.

 M lead transmits Battery or ground signals to

the distant end of the circuits while incoming
signals are received on the E lead as either a
ground or open condition

 E & M basically stands for Ear and Mouth

 OUT OF BAND SIGNALING
 Makes use of one or more AC tones which lie
within the passband of the transmission
facility but just outside the voice band.
 IN BAND SIGNALING
 Signaling tones are transmitted within the
speech band, usually 1600, 2400 or 2600 Hz.
 COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING
SYSTEM
 All signaling for a number of voice paths is
carried over one common channel, instead of
within each individual channel.
ALTERNATE CHANNEL SIGNALING
 Two channels are used, one carries the
signaling signal while the other carries the
voice signal. An error detector monitors the
error rate in the signaling channel. If the
error is tolerable, the system is normal; if
more then 3 errors occur for a period of 10
second, the line switch unit automatically
switches the signaling channel information to
the alternate voice channels and the
alternate channel information to the signal
channel.
 CCITT SIGNALING SYSTEM
1. Signaling system number 1
- It is a 500/20 – Hz system used in the
international manual service.

2.Signaling System Number 2

- It is a 600/750 Hz system that had never been
used in international services.

3.Signaling System Number 3

- Uses one inband frequency; 2280 Hz,
unidirectional operation of circuits, for the
transmission of both line and intermission signals
used for terminal traffic.
 CCITT SIGNALING SYSTEM
4. Signaling System Number 4
- It is used for unidirectional operation of circuits; to
inband frequencies: 2040 and 2400 Hz, for the end-
to-end transmission of both line and register
signals.

5. Signaling System Number 5

- Both-way operation of circuits using to inband
frequencies; 2040 and 2400 Hz, for the link-by link
transmission of line signals and six inband
frequencies; 700, 900, 1100, 1300, 1500, and 1700
Hz in a two-out-of six code for the transmission of
register signals.
 CCITT SIGNALING SYSTEM
6. Signaling System Number 6
- Signaling link carries information by serial mode
of synchronous data transmission; based on
principles of common channel signaling
techniques in which the signaling is removed
from the voice path for both analog and digital
transmission facilities.

7. Signaling System Number 7

- For integrated Digital Networks (IDN) for both
telephony and circuit-switched data.
 TELEPHONE AUDIBLE TONE
SIGNALING
Tone Frequencies Cadence

Dial tone   350 440 Continuous

Note: On Hook refers to a
Busy tone telephone
480 not in use
620 0.5 sec ON
(handset resting on the
Ringing
switch) and Off Hook refers 0.5 sec OFF
tone to a telephone
440 in use
480
(handset is removed from
2 sec ON
the switch).

4 sec OFF
1. When was the first complete sentence ever
transmitted by the telephone?
a. 1860
b. 1876
c. 1892
d. 1905
2. Who invented the first practical system for the
electrical switching of calls installed in 1892?

a. Bell
b. Watson
c. Edison
d. Strowger
3. What part of the conventional telephone set the
transmitter and receiver unit are located?

a. Dial
b. Base
c. Keypad
d. Handset
4. The type of transmitter widely used in the
conventional telephone set

a. Carbon
b. Ceramic
c. Piezoelectric
d. Electromagnetic
5. Who invented the first carbon type transmitter?

a. Bell
b. Watson
c. Gray
d. Edison
6. The type of receiver widely used in the conventional
telephone set

a. Electromagnetic
b. Ceramic
c. Carbon
d. Piezoelectric
7. How many unique tones are used for the 12-key dial-
tone multi frequency keypad?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 7
d. 12
 
8. In the telephone unit, what is produced when the
balancing network in a hybrid circuit is intentionally
unbalanced slightly so that the small amount of
transmitted signal is fed to the receiver of the talking
phone?

a. Dial tone
b. Side tone
c. Echo
d. Singing
9. The type of dialing possible for telephone set with
rotary dial.

a. Tone dialing
b. Pulse dialing
c. Loop dialing
d. E&M dialing
10. DTMF stands for

a. Digital telephone multimode function

b. Dual tone multifrequency
c. Dialing time made faster
d. Data transmission multiplex filter
11. The signal heard on the telephone line that indicates
readiness of the central office in receiving address or
telephone number

a. Dial tone
b. Ringing tone
c. Busy tone
d. Congestion tone
12. The signal heard on the telephone line which
indicates that the called subscriber sets is in use

a. Dial tone
b. Ringing tone
c. Busy tone
d. Congestion tone
13. Dial tone, busy tone and ring back tone are
examples of _____ signal.

a. Supervision
b. Address
c. Musical
d. Digital
14. Request for service from the telephone is detected
at the Central Office as

a. Dial pulses
b. Ringing signal
c. Flow of loop current
d. Battery reversal
15. The Strowger or step-by-step system falls under
what type of switching control system?
a. Manual
b. Progressive
c. Common
d. Automatic
16. What type of control system Crossbar switches are
operating?
a. Manual
b. Progressive
c. Common
d. Automatic
17. Line finder switches are found in what kind of
telephone system?
a. Step-by-step
b. Crossbar
c. Digital exchange
d. Mobile telephone system
18. The location where all subscriber lines are
terminated and switching equipment facility is
installed
a. Central office
b. Toll office
c. Gate way
d. Tandem
19. Trunk signaling within the operative voice-band
spectrum
a. In band
b. Out of band
c. Channel associated
d. Common channel
20. Type of channel signaling where signal travels with
the voice channel
a. In band
b. Out of band
c. Channel associated
d. Common channel
21. Type of channel signaling where a completely
independent channel carry signals of many traffic
channels
a. In band
b. Out of band
c. Channel associated
d. Common channel
22. Transmission term corresponding to E & M signals
a. 2 wire
b. 4 wire
c. 8 wire
d. 16 wire
23. E & M stands for
a. Ear and mouth
b. Encode and match
c. Electricity and magnetism
d. Expander and multiplexer
24. E & M is for interoffice trunk while _____ is for
subscriber line
a. Loop
b. 4 wire
c. Tone
d. Data
25. It is the means of transferring line or network related
control information between telephone and central
office or between central office
a. Signaling
b. Dialing
c. Switching
d. Multiplexing
26. A common channel signaling system for use
between stored program controlled exchanges,
designed for use in digital environment
a. Signaling system no. 4
b. Signaling system no. 5
c. Signaling system no. 6
d. Signaling system no. 7
27. To interconnect system of different characteristics by
resolving their incompatibilities
a. Boundary
b. Interface
c. Converter
d. End office
28. It informs the calling party that the distant telephone
is ringing
a. Ringing signal
b. Signaling
c. Ring back signal
d. Busy back signal
29. When was the telephone patented?
a. 1830
b. 1874
c. 1876
d. 1877
30. When the telephone is in _____ state, a direct
current from the central office (CO) flows through the
transmitter and the receiver of the handset
a. On-hook
b. Off-hook
c. Cut-off
d. saturation
31. A microphone used as a telephone transmitter
composed of a thin disk of metal-coated plastic and a
thicker, hollow metal disk
a. Ribbon
b. Carbon
c. Electret
d. Hybrid
32. The device that combines the transmitter and the
receiver to go over the same wire-pair
a. Hybrid
b. Transceiver
c. Loading coil
d. None of these
33. The anti-tinkle circuit
a. Prevents tampering with the telephone
b. Prevents dial pulses from ringing the bell
c. Prevents speech signals from ringing the bell
d. All of the above
34. The number of oscillators required for an
alphanumeric DTMF dialer
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
35. What frequencies were used in pressing the number
5 in pulse dialing?
a. 770Hz, 1366Hz
b. 852Hz, 1366Hz
c. 770Hz, 1336Hz
d. 852Hz, 1336Hz
36. A local loop has a resistance of 1 KΩ, and the
telephone connected to it has and off-hook resistance of
200Ω. Calculate the loop current when the phone is off-
hook.
a. 0 mA
b. 40 mA
c. 48 mA
d. 44mA
37. A type of signaling that determines only the line or
circuit condition
a. Supervisory
b. Routing
c. Address
d. On-/off-hook
38. A signaling system that uses 2040 Hz and 2400 Hz,
two in-band frequencies
a. SS3
b. SS4
c. SS5
d. SS6
39. The out of band, in-channel SF signaling used by
Bell Standard.
a. 2600 Hz
b. 800 Hz
c. 3825 Hz
d. 3700 Hz
40. A switching center
a. Terminates all subscriber lines
b. Provides dial tone to the subscriber
c. Receives the dialed digits
d. All of the above
41. A type of switch that is compatible with pulse dialer.
a. Direct control
b. SXS
c. Crossbar
d. Both a and b
42. A switch that use relays as memory.
a. Progressive control
b. SXS
c. Crossbar
d. Both a and b
43. What are the elements of progressive control
switch?
a. Line equipment
b. Switch train
c. Connector
d. All of the above
44. A telephone feature that uses memory
a. redialing
b. Direct dialing
c. Teleconferencing
d. Call waiting
45. This feature allows the subscriber to carry on a
conversation with more than one subscriber at a time
a. Call hold
b. Call forwarding
c. Conference call
d. Call waiting
46. A return of the talkers voice deriving from its own
instrument..
a. Echo
b. Singing
c. Sidetone
d. crosstalk
47. The component being adjusted to control the
amount of sidetone.
a. Varistor
b. Varactor
c. Volume
d. potentiometer
48. A circuit that returns transmitted data to the source
for the purpose of testing the line
a. Standing wave circuit
b. Echo suppressors
c. Loop-back
d. reflectometer
49. A condition of the telephone handset in which it can
be called
a. on hook
b. off hook
c. busy
d. ring
50. A telephone service wherein calls are rerouted into a
pre-assigned station is called
a. Camp on
b. Call Forwarding
c. Call Barring
d. Speed Calling