INTRODUCTION

In the oral environment, restorative materials are

exposed to thermal, chemical and mechanical challenges.
These challenges can cause deformations of the materials.
The science that studies how biological materials
interact and deform is called
BIOMECHANICS
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES defined by the laws
of mechanics, as the physical science that deals with
energy and forces and their effects on the bodies

Plasticity
Strength Elasticity Ductility &
Tensile Hardness Malleability
strength Brinell
Elastic
Modulu Percentage
Compres Vickers Elongation
sive Knoop s Yield
strength Rockwell Resilien Strength
Shear Shore A ce
strength
 Forces
A Force can be defined by 3characteristics:
 
1.Point of application of force
  2. Magnitude
3.Direction of application
Acting In Same direction
Acting in Parallel direction

(The direction of force is the main characteristics of all type of

forces)
Forces in the oral cavity

Impact

Continuou
s

Cyclic
STRESS
STRESS &
& STRAIN
STRAIN
CRYST
CRYST ●

●
Primary
●
PrimaryBonds
Bonds
Strong Resistance to
Strong Resistance to
ALLINE
●

ALLINE
external forces
external forces

AMOR
AMOR ●

●
Secondary
● bonds
Secondary bonds
Weak resistance to external
Weak resistance to external
PHOUS
●

PHOUS
forces
forces
 Stress
Stress(σ)
(σ)
Internal
Internal reaction
reaction which
which is is equal
equal in
in intensity
intensity but
but
opposite
opposite in
in direction
direction to
to the
the external
external force
force applied
applied

Typically
Typically denoted
denoted by
by SS or
or σσ

STRESS
STRESS == force/area
force/area
 Application and clinical significance
Application and  clinical significance
 

Because
Becausethe thestress
stressin
inaastructure
structurevaries
variesdirectly
directlywith
withand
andinversely
inversely
with
witharea,
area,the
thearea
areaover
overwhich
whichthetheforce
forceacts
actsis
isan
animportant
important
consideration
consideration
  
 Relationship
 Relationshipof ofForce.
Force.Area.
Area.and
andStress
Stress
  
Force
Force(N)(N)SS Area
Area(mm
(mm22)) Stress
Stress(MPa)
(MPa)
  
111
111 645
645 0.1724
0.1724
111
111 64.5
64.5 1.724
1.724
111
111 6.45
6.45 17.24
17.24
111
111 0.645
0.645 172.4
172.4
111
111 0.0645
0.0645 1724
1724
 Types of stress

Three types of "simple' stresses can be

classified:

Tensile

Compressive

Shear
1. Tensile Stress
2.Compressive stress
3.Shear stress
4 Flexural (bending)stress
 STRAIN (€)

Ratio of the dimensional change to the original

dimension, and is usually measured along the line of
the stress which produces it

 Strain (€)= ( L1- L0 )/L0

 Strain may be either

 Elastic strain is reversible

 Plastic strain is irreversible

Depends on material & the amount of force applied

 Applications and Clinical significance

 
 Prosthetics

 Impression materials

 Restorative materials

 Orthodontic wires
ANALYSIS OF STRESS –STRAIN
CURVE
COMPLEX STRESS AND STRAINS
 Shear modulus
Resilience
MECHANICAL
Resilience
Flexibility
PROPERTIES BASED ON
Flexibility
Poisson's
Poisson's
ELASTIC
ratio
ratio DEFORMATION

Elastic modulous
Elastic modulous

 
 
  
ELASTIC MODULUS - (E)
(Youngs modulus , Modulus of Elasticity)
z

 
Modulus -The resistance of a material to any type of
deformation

defined by the ratio of the stress applied to the

corresponding strain in the stress-strain curve in the
elastic region of deformation
Modulus of elasticity= Stress / Strain

E = σ/e
Modulus of elasticity under Tensile stress is also called the
Young's modulus (E)

Under Compressive stress on the material,the modulus

of elasticity is called the
Bulk modulus (K)
and
Under Shear stress, it is known as the
Shear modulus (G)

Megapascal(MPa) or Gigapascals (GPa) where one

Pascal is 1N.m-2, and one Gigapascal is lO9N.m or
(1 GPa = 1000 MPa).
 Rigidity or Stiffness of a material subject to
stresses within the elastic region and is measured by
the slope of the elastic region of the stress strain graph.
Applications and clinical significance
Orthodontia

Prosthetics
Modulus of rigidity or shear
(ŋ):

It is the ratio Shear stress/Shear angle or strain.

Bond strengths of adhesive cements are measured by

tensile or shear strengths.
Modulus of rupture or flexure
strength

It is measured by the resistance to flexure, and is

related to complex stresses and strains.

for brittle materials like ceramics is of importance.

 POISSONS RATIO

 Within the elastic range, the ratio of the lateral to the

axial strain is called Poisson’s ratio (v)

 Unitless

 Young's modulus is related to the Shear modulus through

 Poisson's ratio by the relation
 E =G (l +v).
  
 PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (SPL or σPL )

Defined as the greatest stress that a material will

sustain without deviation from the linear
proportionality of stress to strain

 The region of the stress-strain curve before the

proportional limit is called the elastic region.

 The region of the stress-strain curve beyond the

proportional limit is called the plastic region.
 ELASTIC LIMIT (SELor σEL)

Defined as the maximum stress that a material will

withstand without permanent deformation

.
Proportional limit is nearly identical to the value of
the elastic limit, when determined experimentally it
is found to be slightly lower than the elastic limit
 Application and clinical significance

 Connectors of partial dentures

.
 YEILD STRESS / YIELD STRENGH /
PROOF STRESS

Defined as the stress at which a material exhibits a

specified limiting deviation from proportionality of
stress to strain
 The amount of permanent strain is referred to as the
Percent offset

 0.1% - 0.2% as a convention

 Application and clinical significance

 May be destructive or constructive

 Brittle materials

 Malocclusion

 Restorative materials

 Prosthesis
 RESILIENSE

Defined as the amount of energy absorbed within a unit

volume of a structure when it is stressed to its
proportional limit

All the energy used for deformation can be recovered.

 Resilience is therefore measured by the area under
the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve
Application and Clinical significance

 Prosthetics

 Restorative material- force of mastication

 Inlay
 TOUGHNESS

Defined as the total amount of energy that a material

can absorb before it fractures
 Toughness(cont…)

Toughness is measured by the total area under the

stress-strain curve

UNIT: The units of toughness are the same as the units

of resilience-mMN/m3 or mMPa/m.
 Application and clinical significance

 The opposite of toughness is brittleness

 Improvement of toughness