Chapter 6

Energy and Chemical Change

Muhammad Fadhillah Ansyari

Teknik Kimia 2017
Index
6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an object’s molecule
s
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature change
s
6.4 Energy is absorbed or released during most chemical reac
tions
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or cons
tant pressure
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that qu
antitatively include heat
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enth
alpy is a state function
6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predic
t any heat of reaction using Hess’s law
Energy is the Ability to do Work

• Energy is the ability to do work (move mass over

a distance) or transfer heat
• Types: kinetic and potential
 Kinetic - the energy of motion
 Potential - the stored energy in matter
• Internal energy (E) - the sum of the kinetic and
potential energy for each particle in the system

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 3

Kinetic Energy: The Energy of Motion
• KE = ½mv2
• Energy can be transferred by moving particles
• Collision of fast particles with slower particles
causes the slow particle to speed up while the
fast molecule slows
 This is why hot water cools in contact with cool air

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 4

Potential Energy Depends on Position
• Potential energy increases when:
 Objects that attract move apart, or
 Objects that repel move toward each other
• Stored energy that can be converted to kinetic
energy

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 5

Your Turn!
Which of the following is not a form of kinetic energy?
A. A pencil rolls across a desk
B. A pencil is sharpened
C. A pencil is heated
D. All are forms of kinetic energy
E. None are forms of kinetic energy

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 6

Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, but can be
transformed from one
form of energy to another
• Also known as the first law
of thermodynamics
How does water falling over a
waterfall demonstrate this
law?

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 7

Heat and Temperature are Not the Same
• The temperature of an object is proportional to
the average kinetic energy of its particles—the
higher the average kinetic energy, the higher the
temperature
• Heat is energy (also called thermal energy)
transferred between objects caused by differences
in their temperatures until they reach thermal
equilibrium

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 8

Units of Energy
• SI unit is the Joule, J
 J = kg·m/s2
 If the calculated value is greater than 1000 J, use the
kJ
• Another unit is the calorie, cal
 cal = 4.184 J (exact)
• Nutritional unit is the Calorie (note capital C),
which is one kilocalorie
 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 9

Internal Energy is Conserved
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics: For an isolated system
the internal energy (E) is constant:
Δ E = Ef - Ei = 0
Δ E = Eproduct - Ereactant = 0
• We can’t measure the internal energy of anything, so
we measure the changes in energy
• E is a state function

6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an object’s molecules 10

What is Temperature?
• Temperature (T) is proportional to the average
kinetic energy of all particle units: °C, °F, K
 KEaverage= ½ mvaverage2
• At a high temperature, most molecules are moving at
higher average

6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an object’s molecules 11

State Function
• A property whose value depends only on the present
state of the system, not on the method or mechanism
used to arrive at that state
• Position is a state function: both train and car travel to
the same locations although their paths vary
• The actual distance traveled does vary with path
New
York

Los
Angeles
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an object’s molecules 12
Heat Transfer is a State Function
• Transfer of heat during a reaction is a state function.
• The route taken to arrive at the products does not
affect the amount of heat that is transferred.
• The number of steps does not affect the amount of
heat that is transferred.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 13

Heat Transfer, q
• Heat (q) - the transfer of energy from regions of
high temperature to regions of lower temperature
• Units: J, cal, kg·m2/s2
 A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1.00 g water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C

• A metal spoon at 25 °C is placed in boiling water.

What happens?

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 14

Surroundings / System / Universe
• System - the reaction or area under study
• Surroundings - the rest of the universe
• Open systems can gain or lose mass and energy
across their boundaries
 i.e. the human body
• Closed systems can absorb or release energy, but
not mass, across the boundary
 i.e. a light bulb
• Isolated systems (adiabatic) cannot exchange
matter or energy with their surroundings
 i.e. a closed Thermos bottle

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 15

The Sign Convention
• Endothermic systems require energy to be added
to the system, thus the q is (+)
• Exothermic reactions release energy to the
surroundings. Their q is (-)
• Energy changes are measured from the point of
view of the system

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 16

Your Turn!
A cast iron skillet is moved from a hot oven to a sink
full of water. Which of the following is not true?
A. The water heats
B. The skillet cools
C. The heat transfer for the skillet has a (-) sign
D. The heat transfer for the skillet is the same as
the heat transfer for the water
E. None of these are untrue

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 17

Heat Capacity and Transfer
• Heat capacity (C) - the (extensive) ability of an
object with constant mass to absorb heat.
 Calorimeter constant
 Varies with the sample mass and the identity of the
substance
 Units: J °C-1
• q = C × Δt
 q = heat transferred
 C = heat capacity of object
 Δt = Change in Temperature (tfinal - tinitial)

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 18

Learning Check
A cup of water is used in an experiment. Its heat
capacity is known to be 720 J °C-1. How much heat
will it absorb if the experimental temperature changed
from 19.2 °C to 23.5 °C?

q = C × t
q = 720 J °C-1 × (23.5 - 19.2 °C)
q = 3.1 × 103 J

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 19

Heat Transfer and Specific Heat
• Specific heat (s) - The intensive ability of a
substance to store heat.
 C=m×s
 Units: J g-1 °C-1 or J g-1 K-1 or J mol-1 K-1
• q = m × Δt × s
 q = heat transferred
 m = mass of object
 Δt = change in temperature (tfinal - tinitial)

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 20

Specific Heats
• Substances with high
specific heats resist
temperature changes
• Note that water has a
very high specific heat
 This is why coastal
temperatures are
different from inland
temperatures.
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes
Specific Heat
Substance J g-1 °C-1
(25 °C)
 Carbon (graphite)   0.711  
 Copper   0.387  
 Ethyl alcohol   2.45  
 Gold   0.129  
 Granite   0.803  
 Iron   0.4498  
 Lead   0.128  
 Olive oil   2.0  
 Silver   0.235  
 Water (liquid)   4.18  
21
Learning Check
Calculate the specific heat of a metal if it takes 235 J to
raise the temperature of a 32.91 g sample by 2.53 °C.

q  m  s  t
q 235 J J
s   2.82
m  t 32.91 g  2.53 °C g °C

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 22

The First Law of Thermodynamics Explains
Heat Transfer

• If we monitor the heat transfers (q) of all

materials involved and all work processes, we
can predict that their sum will be zero
• By monitoring the surroundings, we can predict
what is happening to our system
• Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium, thus the
final temperature is the same for all materials

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 23

Learning Check
A 43.29 g sample of solid is transferred from boiling
water (t = 99.8 °C) to 152 g water at 22.5 °C in a
coffee cup. The twater rose to 24.3 °C. Calculate the
specific heat of the solid.
qsample+ qwater + qcup= 0
qcup is neglected in problem
qsample = -qwater
qsample = m × s × t
qsample = 43.29 g × s × (24.3 - 99.8 °C)
qwater = 152 g × 4.184 J g-1 °C-1 × (24.3 – 22.5 °C)
43.29 g × s × (24.3 - 99.8 °C) = -(152 g × 4.184 J g-1 °C-1 × (24.3 – 22.5 °C))
s × (-3.27 × 103) g-1 °C-1 = -1.14 × 103 J
s = 0.349 J g-1 °C-1
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 24
Your Turn!
What is the heat capacity of the container if 100. g
of water (s = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1) at 100. °C are added
to 100. g of water at 25 °C in the container and the
final temperature is 61 °C?
A. 870 J/°C
B. 35 J/°C
C. -35 J/°C
D. -870 J/°C
E. None of these

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 25

Chemical Potential Energy

• Chemical bond - net attractive forces that bind atomic

nuclei and electrons together
• Exothermic reactions form stronger bonds in the
product than in the reactant and release energy
• Endothermic reactions break stronger bonds than they
make and require energy

6.4 Energy is absorbed or released during most chemical reactions 26

 Work and Pistons
• Pressure = force/area
• If the container
volume changes, the
pressure changes
• Work = -P × ΔV
 Units: L • atm
 1 L • atm = 101 J
• In expansion, ΔV > 0,
and is exothermic
• Work is done by the
system in expansion

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 27

How does work relate to reactions?
• Work = Force · Distance
• Is most often due to the expansion or contraction
of a system due to changing moles of gas.
• Gases push against the atmospheric pressure , so
Psystem = -Patm
w = -Patm × ΔV
• The deployment of an airbag is one example of
this process.
1C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
6 moles of gas → 7 moles of gas
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 28
Learning Check: P-V work
Ethyl chloride is prepared by reaction of ethylene with HCl.
How much P-V work (in J) is done if 89.5 g ethylene and 125 g
of HCl are allowed to react at atmospheric pressure and the
volume change is -71.5 L? (1 L • atm = 101 J)
w = -1atm × -71.5 L = 71.5 L·atm w = 7.22 × 103 J

Calculate the work (in kilojoules) done during a synthesis of

ammonia in which the volume contracts from 8.6 L to 4.3 L at
a constant external pressure of 44 atm.
w = -44 atm × (4.3 - 8.6) L = 19 L·atm w = 19 kJ

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 29

Energy can be Transferred as Heat and Work
• ΔE = q + w
• Internal
energy
changes are
state functions

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 30

Your Turn!
When TNT is combusted in air, it is according to the
following reaction:
4C6H2(NO2)3CH3(s) + 17O2(g) → 24CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) + 6N2(g)
The reaction will do work for all of these reasons except:
A. The moles of gas increase
B. The volume of gas increases
C. The pressure of the gas increases
D. None of these

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 31

Calorimetry is Used to Measure Heats of
Reaction
• Heat of reaction - the amount of heat absorbed or
released in a chemical reaction
• Calorimeter - an apparatus used to measure
temperature changes in materials surrounding a
reaction that result from a chemical reaction
• From the temperature changes we can calculate the
heat of the reaction, q
 qv; heat measured under constant volume conditions
 qp: heat measured under constant pressure conditions
 qp: termed enthalpy, H

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 32

Internal Energy is Measured with a Bomb
Calorimeter
• Used for reactions
in which there is
change in the
number of moles of
gas present
• Measures qv
• Immovable walls
mean that work is
zero
• ΔE = qv
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 33
Learning Check: Bomb Calorimeter
A sample of 500. mg naphthalene (C10H8) is combusted
in a bomb calorimeter containing 1000. g of water. The
temperature of the water increases from 20.00 °C to
24.37 °C. The calorimeter constant is 420 J/°C. What
is the change in internal energy for the reaction? swater =
4.184 J/g°C
qv reaction + qwater + qcal = 0 by the first law
qwater= 1000. g × (24.37 - 20.00) °C × 4.184 J/g°C
qcal= 420 J/g × (24.37 - 20.00) °C
qv reaction = ΔE = -2.0 × 104 J

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 34

Enthalpy of Combustion
• When one mole of a fuel substance is reacted
with elemental oxygen, a combustion reaction
can be written
• Is always negative

• Learning Check: What is the equation

associated with the enthalpy of combustion of
C6H12O6(s)?

C6H12O6(s) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 35

Your Turn!
A 252 mg sample of benzoic acid, C6H5CO2H, is
combusted in a bomb calorimeter containing 814 g
water at 20.00 °C. The reaction increases the
temperature of the water to 21.70 °C. What is the
internal energy released by the process?
A. -711 J qw + qcal + qv reaction = 0; qcal is ignored by the problem
qv reaction = -qw = -814 g × (21.70 - 20.00) °C × 4.184 J g-1 °C-1
B. -2.85 J qv reaction= -5789 J
C. +711 J
D. +2.85 J
E. None of these -5.79 kJ
swater = 4.184 J/g °C
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 36
Enthalpy Change (ΔH)
• Enthalpy is the heat transferred at constant
pressure
ΔH = qp
ΔE = qp - PΔV = ΔH - PΔV

ΔH = ΔHfinal - ΔHinitial
ΔH = ΔHproduct - ΔHreactant

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 37

Enthalpy Measured in a Coffee Cup Calorimeter
• When no change in moles of gas is
expected, we may use a coffee cup
calorimeter
• The open system allows the pressure
to remain constant
• Thus we measure qp
• ΔE = qp + w or ΔE = ΔH – PΔV
• Since there is no change in the moles
of gas present, there is no work
• Thus we also are measuring ΔE

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 38

Learning Check: Coffee Cup Calorimetry
When 50.0 mL of 0.987 M H2SO4 is added to 50.0 mL of 1.00 M
NaOH at 25.0 °C in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature of
the aqueous solution increases to 31.7 °C. Calculate heat for the
reaction per mole of limiting reactant.
Assume that the specific heat of the solution is 4.18 J/g°C, the density is 1.00 g/mL,
and that the calorimeter itself absorbs a negligible amount of heat

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

mol H2SO4 = 0.0494 mol mol NaOH = 0.0500 mol, is limiting

qp rxn + qcal + qsoln = 0, thus qp rxn = -qsoln
qsoln = 100 g soln × (31.7 - 25.0) °C × 4.18 J/g°C
qp rxn = -2.8 × 103 J qp rxn = -5.6 × 104 J
6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 39
Your Turn!
A sample of 50.00 mL of 0.125 M HCl at 22.36 °C is
added to a 50.00 mL of 0.125 M Ca(OH)2 at 22.36 °C.
The calorimeter constant was 72 J g-1 °C-1. The
temperature of the solution (s = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1, d = 1.00
g/mL) climbed to 23.30 °C. Which of the following is
not true?
A. qcal = 67.7 J
B. qsolution = 393.3 J
C. qrxn = 461.0 J
D. qrxn = -461.0 J
E. None of these

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 40

Calorimetry Overview
• The equipment used depends on the reaction type.
• If there will be no change in the moles of gas, we
may use a coffee-cup calorimeter or a closed
system. Under these circumstances, we measure qp.
• If there is a large change in the moles of gas, we use
a bomb calorimeter to measure qv.

6.5 Heats of reaction are measured at constant volume or constant pressure 41

Thermochemical Equations
• Relate the energy of a reaction to the quantities
involved
• Must be balanced, but may use fractional coefficients
• Quantities are presumed to be in moles
• Example:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) H° = -393.5 kJ

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 42
Learning Check
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
ΔH = -2511 kJ
The reactants (acetylene and oxygen) have 2511 kJ more
energy than the products. How many kJ are released for 1
mol C2H2?
1256 kJ

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 43
Learning Check
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
ΔH = 2816 kJ
How many kJ are required for 44 g CO2 (molar mass =
44.01 g/mol)?
470 kJ
If 100. kJ are provided, what mass of CO2 can be
converted to glucose?
9.38 g

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 44
Learning Check: Calorimetry of Chemical
Reactions
The meals-ready-to-eat (MRE) in the military can be heated on
a flameless heater. Assume the reaction in the heater is
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
ΔH = -353 kJ
What quantity of magnesium is needed to supply the heat
required to warm 25 mL of water from 25 to 85 °C? Specific
heat of water = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1. Assume the density of the
solution is the same as for water at 25 °C, 1.00 g mL-1
masssoln = 25 mL × 1.00 g mL-1 = 25 g
qsoln = 25 g × (85 - 25) °C × 4.184 J g-1 °C-1 = 6.3 × 103 J
(6.3 kJ)(1 mol Mg/353 kJ)(24.3 g mol-1 Mg) = 0.43 g
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 45
Your Turn!
Consider the thermite reaction. The reaction is initiated
by the heat released from a fuse or reaction The enthalpy
change is -848 kJ mol-1 Fe2O3 at 298 K.
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
What mass of Fe (molar mass: 55.847 g mol-1) is made
when 500 kJ are released?
A. 65.9 g
B. 0.587 g
C. 32.8 g
D. None of these

6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 46
Learning Check: Ethyl Chloride Reaction
Revisited
Ethyl chloride is prepared by reaction of ethylene
with HCl:
C2H4(g) + HCl(g) → C2H5Cl(g) ΔH° = -72.3 kJ
What is the value of ΔE if 89.5 g ethylene and 125 g
of HCl are allowed to react at atmospheric pressure
and the volume change is -71.5 L?
mol HCl: 3.43 mol mol C2H4: 3.19 mol, is limiting
ΔHrxn =3.19mol ×-72.3 kJ/mol w = -1 atm × -71.5 L
=-230.6 kJ = 71.5 L·atm = 7.222 kJ
ΔE= -230.6kJ+7.2kJ= -223 kJ
Ethylene = 28.05 g/mol; HCl = 36.46 g/mol
6.6 Thermochemical equations are chemical equations that quantitatively include heat 47
Enthalpy Diagram

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 48

Hess’s Law
The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to
the sum of the enthalpy changes for individual steps in
the reaction
For example:
2Fe(s) + 3/2O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ΔH = -822.2 kJ
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s) ΔH = -848 kJ
3/2O2(g) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s) ΔH = -822.2 kJ + -848 kJ

-1670 kJ

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 49

Rules for Adding Thermochemical Reactions
1. When an equation is reversed—written in the
opposite direction—the sign of H must also be
reversed.
2. Formulas canceled from both sides of an
equation must be for the substance in identical
physical states.
3. If all the coefficients of an equation are
multiplied or divided by the same factor, the
value of H must likewise be multiplied or
divided by that factor.

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 50

 Strategy for Adding Reactions Together

1. Choose the most complex compound in the

equation (1)
2. Choose the equation (2 or 3 or…) that contains
the compound
3. Write this equation down so that the compound
is on the appropriate side of the equation and has
an appropriate coefficient for our reaction
4. Look for the next most complex compound

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 51

Hess’s Law (Cont.)
5. Choose an equation that allows you to cancel
intermediates and multiply by an appropriate
coefficient
6. Add the reactions together and cancel like terms
7. Add the energies together, modifying the
enthalpy values in the same way that you
modified the equation
• If you reversed an equation, change the sign on the
enthalpy
• If you doubled an equation, double the energy

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 52

Learning Check
How can we calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction 2 H2(g) + N2(g) → N2H4(g) using these
equations?
N2H4(g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH° = -187.8 kJ
3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH° = -92.4 kJ
Reverse the first reaction (and change sign)
2NH3(g) → N2H4(g) + H2(g) ΔH° = +187.8 kJ
Add the second reaction (and add the enthalpy)
3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH° = -92.4 kJ
2
2NH3(g) + 3H2(g) + N2(g) → N2H4(g) + H2(g) + 2NH3(g)
2H2(g) + N2(g) → N2H4(g) (187.8 - 92.4) = +95.4 kJ
6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 53
 Learning Check
Calculate ΔH for 2C(s) + H2(g) → C2H2(g) using:
• 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH° = -2599.2 kJ
• C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ
• H2O(l) → H2(g) + ½ O2(g) ΔH° = +285.9 kJ
-½(2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH° = -2599.2)
2CO2(g) + H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) ΔH° = 1299.6

2(C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ)

2C(s)+ 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) ΔH° = -787.0 kJ

-1(H2O(l) → H2(g) + ½ O2(g) ΔH° = +285.9 kJ)

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) →H2O(l) ΔH° = -285.9 kJ

2C(s)6.7+Thermochemical
H2(g) → C 2H2(g)
equations
ΔH° = +226.7 kJ54
can be combined because enthalpy is a state function
Your Turn!
What is the energy of the following process:
6A + 9B + 3D + F → 2G
Given that:
C → A + 2B ∆H = 20.2 kJ/mol
2C + D → E + B ∆H = 30.1 kJ/mol
3E + F → 2G ∆H = -80.1 kJ/mol
A. 70.6 kJ
B. -29.8 kJ
C. -111.0 kJ
D. None of these

6.7 Thermochemical equations can be combined because enthalpy is a state function 55

State Matters!
• C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
 ΔH = -2043 kJ
• C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
 ΔH = -2219 kJ
• Note that there is a difference in energy because
the states do not match
• If H2O(l) → H2O(g) ΔH = 44 kJ/mol
4H2O(l) → 4H2O(g) ΔH = 176 kJ/mol
-2219 + 176 kJ = -2043 kJ

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 56
Hess’s law
Standard State
Most stable form of the pure substance at
• 1 atm pressure
• Stated temperature. If temperature is not specified,
assume 25 °C
• Solutions are 1 M in concentration.
• Measurements made under standard state conditions
have the ° mark: ΔH°
• Most ΔH values are given for the most stable form
of the compound or element.

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 57
Hess’s law
Determining the Most Stable State
• The most stable form of a substance:
 below the melting point is solid
 above the boiling point is gas
 between these temperatures is liquid

What is the standard state of GeH4?

mp -165 °C bp -88.5 °C gas

What is the standard state of GeCl4?

mp -49.5 °C bp 84 °C liquid

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 58
Hess’s law
Allotropes

• Are substances that have more than one form in

the same physical state
• You should know which form is the most stable
• C, P, O and S all have multiple allotropes.
Which is the standard state for each?
 C – solid, graphite
 P – solid, white
 O – gas, O2
 S – solid, rhombic

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 59
Hess’s law
Enthalpy of Formation
• Enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change ΔH°f
for the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its
standard state from elements in their standard states
• Note: ΔH°f = 0 for an element in its standard state

• Learning Check:
What is the equation that describes the formation of
CaCO3(s)?

Ca(s) + C(graphite) + 3/2O2(g) → CaCO3(s)

6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 60
Hess’s law
Calculating ΔH for Reactions Using ΔH°f

ΔH°rxn = [sum of ΔH°f of all products]

– [sum of ΔH°f of all reactants]
2Fe(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H2(g)
0 -285.8 -696.5 0
ΔH°rxn = 321.8 kJ

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2O2(g) + CH4(g)

-393.5 -285.8 0 -74.8
ΔH°rxn = 890.3 kJ
6.8 Tabulated standard heats of reaction can be used to predict any heat of reaction using 61
Hess’s law
 Your Turn!
What is the enthalpy for the following reaction?

2H2CO3(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2HCO3- (aq)

∆Hfº -699.65 -230.0 -285.9 -691.99
kJ/mol kJ/mol kJ/mol kJ/mol

A. 96.5 kJ
B. -96.5 kJ
C. 48.2 kJ
D. -48.2 kJ
E. None of these
 Soal Latihan UTS Kimia Dasar (1)
Sebuah mobil menggunakan bahan bakar 100% isooktana (C8H18)
yang densitasnya 0,79 g/mL. Mobil tersebut dapat menempuh jarak
8 km/liter isooktana. Mobil tersebut dalam memproduksi energinya
melakukan pembakaran sempurna isooktana cair dan menghasilkan
gas CO2 dan H2O
a.Tuliskan reaksi pembakaran sempurna isooktana dalam mesin
mobil tersebut !
b.Tentukan entalpi pembakaran 1 mol isooktana dalam keadaan
standar !
c.Tentukan berapa kJ entalpi pembakaran untuk 1 liter isooktana
d.Berapa volume gas CO2 yang dibebaskan ke udara bila mobil
tersebut telah menempuh jarak 100 km ? (Pada kondisi tersebut
volume 1 g gas N2 adalah 10 kL)
Data entalpi pembentukan standar (∆Hof) senyawa – senyawa di atas
adalah sebagai berikut :
 Senyawa ∆Hof Massa molar
(kJ/mol) (g/mol)
Isooktana (C8H18)(l) -255,1 114
CO2(g) -393,5 44
CO(g) -110,5 28
-241,8 18
H2O(g)
-285,8 18
H2O(l)
0 32
O2(g)
 Soal Latihan UTS Kimia Dasar (2)
Ekonomi (penghematan) hidrogen dilakukan dengan cara
membuat hidrogen dari air dengan menggunakan energi
matahari. Gas yang dihasilkan kemudian dibakar sebagai suatu
bahan bakar : 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l). Keuntungan yang utama
dari hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar adalah karena tidak
mengakibatkan polusi. Kerugian terbesarnya adalah karena
bahan bakar ini berbentuk gas sehingga lebih sulit disimpan
dibandingkan cairan atau padatan. Hitunglah volume gas
hidrogen jika diukur pada keadaan dimana gas N2 bermassa 2,8
g memiliki volume 4 L yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan
energi yang ekuivalen dengan energi yang dihasilkan oleh
pembakaran satu galon oktana (C8H18). Kerapatan oktana adalah
2,66 kg/galon dan entalpi pembentukan standarnya adalah
-249,9 kJ/mol
 Soal Latihan UTS Kimia Dasar (3)

Perhatikan tabel dibawah ini !

Ikatan Energi Ikatan (kJ/mol)
C – Cl 330
Cl – Cl 240
C–H 410
Cl – H 430
Reaksi klorinasi benzena berlangsung menggunakan sinar UV
pada fase gas seperti :
C6H6(g) + Cl2(g)  C6H5Cl(g) + HCl(g)
Tentukan jumlah kalor yang dihasilkan pada reaksi klorinasi di
atas jika klorobenzena yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,37 g ?
 Soal Latihan UTS Kimia Dasar (4)

• Pembakaran 234 g campuran propana – butana dengan

rasio 4 : 1 menghasilkan kalor sebesar 11.737 kJ,
sedangkan untuk 248 g bahan bakar dengan rasio mol
propana – butana 3 : 2 dilepaskan kalor sebesar 12.399
kJ. Berapa jumlah kalor yang dilepaskan pada
pembakaran campuran 220 g propana dan 290 g butana ?
•  Sejumlah 200 ml HCl 0,862 M dicampur dengan 200 ml
Ba(OH)2 0,431 M dalam kalorimeter bom volume
konstan (kapasitas kalor kalorimeter adalah 10,71 kJ/oC .
Suhu awal larutan HCl dan Ba(OH)2 adalah sama, yaitu
pada 20,48oC untuk proses : H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) kalor
penetralannya adalah -56,2 kJ. Berapa suhu akhir larutan
campuran ?