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Angle
Modulation
M.I.=Frequency Deviation
Modulating Frequency
mf =δ
fm
In FM M.I.>1
= δmax
fmax
Mathematical Representation of FM
Here, the value of modulation index, β is 0.1, which is less than one. Hence, it is Narrow Band
FM.
The formula for Bandwidth of Narrow Band FM is the same as that of AM wave.
BW=2fm
s(t)=Ac cos(2πfct+βsin(2πfmt))
We will get the following values by comparing the above two equations.
Amplitude of the carrier signal, Ac=20V
Modulation index, β=9
Here, the value of modulation index is greater than one. Hence, it is Wide Band FM.
We know the formula for modulation index as
β=Δf/fm
(ii)
(iii)
BW = 2 (frequency of modulating signal + frequency deviation)
= 2 ( fm + k * fd)
= 2 ( 1 + b ) * fm
BW = 220kHz
Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
spectrum of FM versus frequency.
is a graph of amplitude
From table, for modulation index 4, highest order side band is 7th.
Therefore, the bandwidth is
B.W. = 2 fm Highest order side band
= 2 5 kHz 7
= 70 kHz
Carrier Distribution Charts:
FM (Frequency Modulation)
Narrowband FM Wideband FM
(NBFM) (WBFM)
[When modulation index is small] [When modulation index is large]
Comparison between Narrowband
and Wideband FM
Sr. Parameter NBFM WBFM
No.
1. Modulation Less than or slightly Greater than 1
index greater than 1
2. Maximum 5 kHz 75 kHz
deviation
3. Range of 20 Hz to 3 kHz 20 Hz to 15 kHz
modulating
frequency
4. Maximum Slightly greater than 1 5 to 2500
modulation
index
5. Bandwidth Small approximately Large about 15 times
same as that of AM greater than that of
BW = 2fm NBFM.
BW = 2(+fmmax)
6. Applications FM mobile communication Entertainment
like police wireless, broadcasting (can be used
ambulance, short range for high quality music
ship to shore transmission)
communication etc.
Representation of FM
FM can be represented by two ways:
1. Time domain.
2. Frequency domain.
1. FM in Time Domain
Time domain representation means continuous variation of voltage with respect
to time as shown in Fig. .
3. Modulated signal
4. Modulation Index
m=Em/Ec m = / fm
This method was first introduced in mid 1870 . FM was introduced in USA in 1930 by Advin
Armstrong.
AM has poor sound quality than FM. FM has better sound quality than AM.
In AM audio signals changes the amplitude of In FM , the audio signals changes the frequency of
carrier wave. a carrier wave.
AM has frequency range between 540 – 1600 HZ. FM has frequency range 88 – 108 MHZ.
AM systems are not immune to noise. These systems are immune to noise.
In AM only carrier power and one side band power In FM all transmitted power is useful.
is useful.
Comparison between Pre-emphasis
and De-emphasis
Parameter Pre-emphasis De-emphasis
2. Circuit diagram
4. Time constant T = RC = 50 s T = RC = 50 s
Generation of FM
1.Armstrong Method
1.Reactance Modulator
2. Varactor Diode
Direct Methods:
Of the various methods of providing a voltage-variable reactance which can be
connected across the tank circuit of an oscillator, the most common are the
varactor diode and reactance modulator.
Varactor diode: Modulator is the direct method of FM generation wherein
the carrier frequency is directly varied by the modulating signal. A varactor
diode is a semiconductor diode whose junction capacitance varies linearly
with applied voltage when the diode is reverse biased.
Varactor Diode Modulator
It should be cost-effective.
The receiver should be able to tune and amplify the desired station.