|




cAn Operating System (OS) is the actual software that
controls the allocation and use of a computer͛s
hardware.
cThey enable access to programs, accessories and
other hardware. An operating system is just as
essential to a computer as the computer͛s hardware.
cThe OS keeps components working in unison, acting
as a communicator between the user the computer͛s
hardware and software.
 Ô| |
|



|
at takes charge of important activities from the boot
up process to the shutdown process. Once up an
running, the operating system :
c ½anages memory
c Saves
c Deletes and retrieves data
c Arranges to display data on the monitor
c Sends data to the printer
c Responds to kestrokes
c Recognizes mouse clicks
c Reads and writes data to the hard and floopy disks.
||




c 
½: An Early Operating System

c ½S-DOS and -DOS
c ½icrosoft Windows
c OS 2
c ½A OS
c Unix
c Linux
 | 
 

c r



c


 



c 


 

  
 |

c an 1973, A man named Gary Kildall wrote the
first  operating system (using the L
½
program language he invented) called ontrol
rogram for ½icrocomputer (or 
½).
anitially 
½ ran on the antel 8008 chip, and
later translated to the 8080 chip.
  ! |    |
  is an operating system developed by
½icrosoft. at was the most commonly used
member of the DOS family of operating systems
and was the main operating system for personal
computers during the 1980s. at was preceded by
½-DOS (also called ½aDAS), designed and
copyrighted by ½icrosoft in 1979. ½SDOS was
written for the antel 8086 family of
microprocessors, particularly the a½  and
compatibles. ½S-DOS was known before as
  (uick and irty perating ystem) and
86-DOS.




c å
å½S-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.
c å
½S-DOS 1.25 was released August, 1982.
c å
½S-DOS 2.0 was released ½arch, 1983.
c å
½icrosoft introduces ½S-DOS 3.0 for the a½  AT and
½S-DOS 3.1 for networks.
c å
½S-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.
c å
½S-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.
c å

½S-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.
c å

½S-DOS 4.01 was released November, 1988.
c å å½S-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.
c å ½S-DOS 6.0 was released August, 1993.
c å ½S-DOS 6.2 was released November, 1993.
c å ½S-DOS 6.21 was released ½arch, 1994.
c å ½S-DOS 6.22 was released April, 1994.
at all began in laza Hotel, New York
ity on the 10th of November 1983.
Two ½icrosoft founders 
 and

officially announced their
corporation͛s first and next-generation
graphical user interface operating
system ʹ   !" # .
 | "#$

The first version of Windows provided a new

software environment for developing and
running applications that use bitmap displays
and mouse pointing devices. efore Windows,
 users relied on the ½S-DOS® method of
typing commands at the  prompt ( :\). With
Windows, users moved a mouse to point and
click their way through tasks, such as starting
applications.
!" # åå# 


" $ 
%
 å


c Officially released on November 20, 1985, this 16-
bit OS that cost less than 1½ in overall is
½icrosoft͛s very first operating system that allows
multi tasking with graphical user interface on 
platform that runs on ½S-DOS 5.0.
c &: Five 360 K 5.25 inch floppy disks.
c $'((&: Less than 1 ½.
!" # å# 


"å

antroduced in 1986, Windows 1.03 is an upgrade
to its previous predecessor Windows 1.01. Entire
operating system cost about 2.2½b hard disk
space.

c &: Six 360 K 5.25 inch floppy disks

c $'((&: Around 2.2 ½
 | %#$

an the late 1980's came the familiar access- making

icons of today's interfaces with Windows 2. Along the
icons, Windows 2 allowed overlapping (not just tiled)
application windows. an the Windows 2 supported
Y
 
 

 ( aF), giving users
configuring power to run DOS application more
efficiently.
!" # # 


" 

%
 å

Windows 2.0 took advantage of the improved
processing speed of the antel 286 processor,
expanded memory, and inter-application
communication capabilities made possible
through Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE). With
improved graphics support, users could now
overlap windows, control screen layout, and use
keyboard combinations to move rapidly through
Windows operations. ½any developers wrote
their first Windowsʹbased applications for this
release.
!" # å# 


"  å

Less than a year after the release of Windows 2.0,

Windows
286 2.10 and Windows
386 2.10 were
released on 27 ½ay 1988. These versions can
take advantage of the specific
features of the 


 and



 processors.
c Two editions of Windows 2.10 were released,
both of which could take advantage of the antel
processor for which they were designed.
 | &#$

The third major release of the Windows

platform from ½icrosoft offered improved
performance, advanced graphics with 16
colours, and full support of the more powerful
antel 386 processor.
The new Windows 3.0, which offered a wide
range of useful features and capabilities,
including:

c rogram ½anager, File ½anager, and rint

½anager.
c A completely rewritten application
development environment.
c An improved set of Windows icons.
 Windows 3.1 was designed to have backward compatibility with
older Windows platforms. As with Windows 3.0, version 3.1 had
File ½anager and rogram ½anager, but unlike all previous
versions, Windows 3.1 and later support 32-bit disk access,
cannot run in real mode.

&: Seven 1440 K 3.5 inch (HD) floppy disks

$'((&: 4.5 ½
c !" # $'å# 


"   %
 
å 

That change is represented in the product's name:

"NT" stands for new technology. To maintain
consistency with Windows 3.1, a well-established
home and business operating system at the time,
the new Windows NT operating system began
with version 3.1.
 !" #  ! ) * åå# 



"  åå å 

ë

ë

Y (originally codenamed à


) was
released on 11 August 1993. at supported 32-bit file access, full 32-bit
network redirectors, and the VAHE.386 file cache, shared between
them. The standard execution mode of the Windows kernel was
discontinued in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
!" # $'
å! ) # 


"  å

The Windows NT Workstation 3.5 release provided the

highest degree of protection yet for critical business
applications and data. With support for the OpenGL
graphics standard, this operating system helped high
power-end applications for software development,
engineering, financial analysis, scientific, and business-
critical tasks.
'()*
!" # 
# 


"   å

is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating
system. During development it was referred to as !" #  or by
the internal codename   .
Windows 95 was intended to integrate ½icrosoft's formerly separate
½S-DOS and Windows products and includes an enhanced version of
DOS, often referred to as ½S-DOS 7.0. at features significant
improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1, most visibly in the
graphical user interface (GUa). There were also major changes made at
lower levels of the operating system.
 | +#,
!" # $'# 


"   å 
c !" # $' is a pre-emptive, graphical and business-
oriented operating system designed to work with either
uniprocessor or symmetric multi-processor computers. at is
a 32-bit Windows system available in both workstation and
server editions with a graphical environment similar to that
of Windows 95.
c Launched in July 1996, the OS came in four versions,
Workstation, Terminal Server and two Server versions. at
included for the first time anternet Explorer and
incorporated the Windows 95 interface into the NT lineup.
 | )-
c !" # 
# 


" +

å

c Windows 98 (codenamed 
*  is a
graphical operating system released on 25 June
1998 by ½icrosoft and the successor to Windows
95. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit
32-bit
monolithic product based on ½S-DOS.
c !" # 

"
" # 


"

å 
 | %,,,
!" # # 


" 
%å 
c !" #  is a line of operating systems produced by ½icrosoft
for use on business desktops, notebook
computers, and servers. Released on February
17, 2000, it was the successor to Windows
NT 4.0. The OS worked on both the server
and workstation, but its most important
feature was Active Directory, ½icrosoft's
first crack at the directory market
dominated by Novell.

c  
"   !" # #



?
  ? ? 
  ? ? "? ? ?
 | ..
/
|

!" # # 


" 
%å 

c Windows ½e was the successor to Windows 98 and, just like
Windows 98, was targeted specifically at home  users. at
included anternet Explorer 5.5, Windows ½edia layer 7, and
the new Windows ½ovie ½aker software, which provided
basic video editing and was designed to be easy for home
users.
  | $
!" # ,# 


"   %

å
c Windows X is a line of operating systems produced by
½icrosoft for use on personal computers, including home
and business desktops, laptops, and media centres. The
name "X " is short for "eX erience". Windows X is the
successor to both Windows 2000 rofessional and
Windows ½e, and is the first consumer-oriented operating
system produced by ½icrosoft to be built on the Windows
NT kernel and architecture. Windows X was first released
on October 25, 2001.
c Two major editions:
c !" # ,- 
" 
c !" # , 
 
 | 
0
%,,&
c !" # 

# 


" * 

c Windows Server 2003 (also referred to as
Win2K3) is a server operating system produced
by ½icrosoft. antroduced on 24 April 2003 as the
successor to Windows 2000 Server, it is
considered by ½icrosoft to be the cornerstone of
its Windows Server System line of business server
products.
  | 0 

c !" # . # 


" + 


c !" # .  is a line of operating systems
developed by ½icrosoft for use on personal
computers, including home and business
desktops, laptops, tablet s, and media
center s. rior to its announcement on July
22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its
codename "Longhorn."
c    
 , there are four editions, with
three available for developed countries.
c Windows Vista Starter edition is limited to
emerging markets.
c Windows Vista Home asic is intended for budget
users with low needs.
c Windows Vista Home remium covers the
majority of the consumer market, and contains
applications for creating and using multimedia.
c '
 

"    / !" # 


" 
c  % 

, there are three editions.
c Windows Vista usiness is specifically designed
for small and medium-sized businesses
c Windows Vista Enterprise [48] is only available to
customers participating in ½icrosoft's Software
Assurance program.
c Windows Vista Ultimate contains the complete
feature-set of both the Home and usiness
(combination of both Home remium and
Enterprise) editions, as well as a set of Windows
Ultimate Extras, and is aimed at enthusiasts.
  | 
0
%,,-

c !" # 


# 


" 
%

 

c
c Windows Server 2008, released on February 27,
2008, was originally known as Windows Server
odename "(  ". Windows Server 2008
builds on the technological and security advances
first introduced with Windows Vista, and is
significantly more modular than its predecessor,
Windows Server 2003.
!" #  1%,,- * 

"  

ÚWindows Server 2008 Standard Edition (32-bit and 64-bit)

ÚWindows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows H  Server 2008
ÚWindows Web Server 2008 (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows Storage Server 2008 (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows Small usiness Server 2008 (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows Essential usiness Server 2008 (32-bit and 64-bit)
ÚWindows Server 2008 for atanium-based Systems
ÚWindows Server 2008 Foundation Server
 | 2
c !" # # 


"   +
  
c !" #  (formerly codenamed  ) % and
.
) is the latest version of ½icrosoft Windows, a
series of operating systems produced by ½icrosoft for
use on personal computers, including home and
business desktops, laptops, net books, tablet s and
media center s. Windows 7 was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009.
c Unlike its predecessor, which introduced a large
number of new features, Windows 7 is intended to be
a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows
line, with the goal of being fully compatible with
applications and hardware with which Windows Vista is
already compatible.
 


3


c SAKSHa GU TA (8118)

c ½ANAV GaLL (8113)

c A EKSHA GU TA (8126)