HVAC

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Cooling

Prepared and presented by Purchia

Architectural
Pague utilities 2 (01399) 12:
Heat and Moisture
in the Atmosphere
and Human Co
metabolism
 Food taken into the body may be thought of as
fuel that is subject to a low-grade burning process
 Such process is sufficient to maintain a body
temperature of 98.6°F (37°C)
 (An average-sized man may possess met unit
with an approximate of 360 British Thermal
units per hour (Btuh).
 Women tend to have a maximum of 30% or lower.

(Salvan, 1999
metabolism
METABOLIC RATE IN MET
ACTIVITY
UNITS
Resting 0.7 – 1.2
Walking – 2 to 4 mph 2.00 – 3. 8
Cooking 1.6 – 2
Washing and Ironing by hand 2.0 – 3.6
Office Work 1.1 -1.4
Basketball 5.0 – 7.6

Example - for a person sleeping, the heat given off is 0 . 1· x

360 = 2 52 Btuh. A basketball

player in action generates and loses 7.6 x 360 = 2136 Btuh.
(Salvan, 1999
Thermal equilibrium and co
 thermal environment
may be regulated
to permit an easy and
comfortable rate of
loss for the heat.

 This avoids body

chill in one case and
heavy respiration
in the other.
(Salvan, 1999
Environmental comfort
 Includes items such as aesthetics and acoustics. Factors that
can be controlled by air-conditioning systems include:

a. Temperature of the
surrounding air.
b. Mean radiant
temperature of the
(Salvan, 1999
Environmental comfort
 Includes items such as aesthetics and acoustics. Factors that
can be controlled by air-conditioning systems include:

c. The relative humidity of

the air.
d. Motion of the air.
e. Odors.
(Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
: convection
 Heat loss by
convection.
 Differential between the
average skin and clothing
temperature and the room
air temperature is usually
about 10 °F at any
selected air temperature in
a space. (Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF
THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT

 with fixed air

motion, air
particles in contact
with the body, are
warmed.

 They become less

dense and rise to
be replaced by (Salvan, 1999
OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONME
NT
 In cold season,
this may be
done by
controls that
reduce the
output of the
heating system.
(Salvan, 1999
OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONME
NT

 In mild
weather cool
outdoor air
may be
introduced.
(Salvan, 1999
OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONME
NT

 In summer,
mechanical
cooling may
be necessary.

(Salvan, 1999
OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONME
NT
 room air
conditioning is
essential under
conditions of
dense occupancy
and significant
activity.
(Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT: radiation
 Heat loss by
radiation is the
transmission of
energy through the
air from the warmer
human body or its
clothing to the cooler
surfaces that are
In the (winter) cold condition as illustrated. Surfaces (a) (c)
"seen" by the warmer and (d) are about at room air temperature 172 °F)
sources. (Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT: radiation
 Mean radiant
temperature
(MAT), reflecting the
thermal nature of
people's indoor
surrounding
environment is usually
between 70 and 80
°F (21 to Mean Radiant Temperature in an Enclosed Space
26.6°C). Illustration (Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT: radiation
 heat radiates
from the body to its
surroundings.

 MRT is sometimes
affected by large
glass areas, degree
of insulation, lights
Radiation of body heat
and so on.
(Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT: radiation
 use of circulated
air brings several
advantages to
occupied rooms.

 Its motion tends to

unify the thermal
conditions necessary
for comfort. Convection and Radiation phenomena in an environment
(Salvan, 1999
REGULATION OF THE
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT: radiation
 air gently passes the
occupants, it carries
away accumulated
warm air and the humidity
given off by the body.
 results in a feeling of
freshness, and The rate of circulation relates principally to the heat to be
carried to or from the room
comfort by assuring and it generally results in air speeds that lie between 70
and 10 feet per minute (fpm).
uniform conditions.
(Salvan, 1999
Criteria for thermal
comfort
 ASHRAE Standard 90-75 was adopted
by the American Society of Heating,
refrigerating and air conditioning.
Indoor design Condition temperature
72°F (22°C) dry bulb . . up
to 30% maximum relative
Winter (cold December)
humidity if humidification is
provided.
78%F (25.5 °C) dry bulb
where comfort air
Summer
conditioning is required or
used. (Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
Room
 The
humidity (RH)
should not fall below
20%

 Humidity has a
strong effect on the
wood of furniture,
paneling and other
interior equipment and
finishes.

(Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Shrinkage of
wood lateral to
the direction of
the grain often
results in
unsightly
cracks and the
loosening of
furniture joints.
(Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Skin
becomes
rough
and dry
in areas
with low
humidity.

(Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Without humidification,
the RH in houses is
generally low in
winter, but seldom
below 20%.

 RH is found to be 30
or 30%.
High humidity damage within a room
(Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Architects sometimes feel that humidification to raise the RH
above these levels in winter is undesirable for two reasons:

a)
Condensatio
n on glass,
especially on
single glass, can
Condensation on glass
occur. (Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Architects sometimes feel that humidification to raise the RH
above these levels in winter is undesirable for two reasons:

b)vapor
barriers,
despite efforts
toward the best
workmanship, are
not always typically polyethylene sheeting, included in
building construction to prevent moisture from
damaging the fabric of the building (Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
b)vapor
barriers,
despite efforts
toward the best
workmanship, are
not always
completely typically polyethylene sheeting, included in
impervious. building construction to prevent moisture from
damaging the fabric of the building (Salvan, 1999
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN
WINTER
 Modern houses are
increasingly air
tight and the
moisture
produced by
domestic operations
is usually retained
in the building to
afford a reasonable
humidity.

(Salvan, 1999
INDOOR
HUMIDITY
IN WINTER
exhaust fans are often used
in bathrooms while showering,
their purpose being to reduce
concentrations of moisture
that cause copious condensation
or mirrors and other glass
surfaces.
(Salvan, 1999
Moisture production (domestic
OPERATION POUNDS OF MOISTURE
Floor mopping
(7 .2 sq. m. kitchen, 0.03 psf)
2 .40
Clothes drying indoors 26.40
Clothes Washing 4.33
Bathing (Shower) 0.50
Human contribution, family of
0.46
four/hr.
Gas Refrigeration (per hour) 0.12

(Research in Home Humidity Control, by S.C. Hite and J.L.

Dealing with
outdoor
conditions
(winter)

 Convectio
n is
inevitable.
It can work
for or against
you.
(Salvan, 1999
Dealing with outdoor
conditions (winter)
 The stove is not merely in
the wrong place. It
accelerates the
“downslip” of cold
air from the glass.

(Salvan, 1999
Dealing with outdoor
conditions (winter)
 The convector
moves
strip
air up to
warm the
glass and
provides local
(Salvan, 1999
 with
special
conditio
ns
 Glass is the
most sensitive
to weather
changes and
poses some of the
major problems in
maintaining thermal (Salvan, 1999
 Coping with special
conditions
increase
• a sudden
in the number
of people
occupying a space
already adjusted to
proper thermal
conditions can put a
tax on sluggish
air-conditioning Examinees walk into the entrance of a classroom building
to take part in a three-day entrance exam for postgraduate
systems. studies in Hefei, Anhui province.
(Salvan, 1999
Coping with special
conditions
 building, have a large
thermal lag. If the
temperature in a
building that is
normally maintained at
70°F, it may be days
before the MAT returns
to its former (higher)
value. Thermal image of a conveniently built home showing
thermal loss across the entire wall
(Salvan, 1999
The recycling of air
 Air is a reusable commodity.
(Salvan, 1999
 The recycling of air
 Outdoor air must
conform to the
requirements of
ASHRAE
(American
Society of
Heating,
Refrigerating
and air
conditioning The unbearable stench in the area aback of the Fire
Engineers). Service H/Q in Stabroek Market, Georgetown, Guyana
(Salvan, 1999
The recycling of air
Recirculation of air
hvac systems

(Salvan, 1999
 At prescribed levels, the air is termed
acceptable outdoor air. (Salvan, 1999
The recycling of air

 levels are met when this outdoor air

is subjected to the minimal (Salvan, 1999
 RECIRCULATED AIR
SYSTEM
 In recirculated air systems, the
requirements for quality apply to the air
entering the occupied space.

Diagram Of A Recirculated System Indicating Location And Alternate

Locations Of Air - Cleaning Equipment (Salvan, 1999
RECIRCULATED AIR SYSTEM
large savings in energy accrue from
such reduction in the use of outdoor air.
(Salvan, 1999
RECIRCULATED AIR SYSTEM
In winter, outdoor ventilation air at a
low (0°F) temperature would need at
120°F rise to join the 120°F air (Salvan, 1999
ULATED
AIR
SYSTEM
In contrast,
recirculated at
leaving the space
at 75°f would
require a rise
of only (120-
75°F). a 45°F
differential.
(Salvan, 1999
ULATED
AIR
SYSTEM
In summer, if indoor
cooling were
provided, outdoor
ventilation air at
95°F would require
cooling to 60°F
for delivery to
the conditioned
space, at
differential of 35°F.

(Salvan, 1999
VALUE
OF WALLS AND
ROOFS
energy
 For
conservation,
walls and roofs, and
sometimes floors -
if there is outdoor
space below- must
be resistant to
the rapid
transmission of (Salvan, 1999
VALUE
OF WALLS AND
ROOFS
 Slow passage
of heat also
results in warmer,
more comfortable
inside surface
temperatures.

 Insulation is (Salvan, 1999

VALUE
OF WALLS AND
ROOFS
 Vapor Barriers are
needed to prevent colder
parts of roofs and walls
where it condenses or
freezes.

 Tight Construction
retains warm air and
resists the entry of cold
The difference between air barriers and vapour barriers
air during windy times.
(Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 requirements for the
comfort of people
occupying indoor
spaces during cold
weather is a
constant
temperature of
room air
reasonably
higher than that of (Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 Heat
supplied to
the room for this
purpose is
constantly
dissipated by
Transmission
losses through
the surfaces of
the enclosure.
(Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 lost also by the
escape of warm
air through minute
openings, such as the
cracks between window
sash and frames.

 air is forced out

by cold outdoor air
infiltrating through
similar openings on
the opposite (windward)
side of the room.
(Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 thermal
transmission is
one of considerable
importance because
every square foot of
material carries a
permanent
upkeep cost for
fuel over the years. (Salvan, 1999
IMPORTANC
E OF HEAT
CONSERVAT
ION
glass is quick
to lose heat under
critical conditions,
including the
absence of
sunshine, it is
most
receptive, when
correctly oriented. (Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 Index For Comparison is the u-coefficient of transmission.

Approximate comparison by U-Coefficients of the Heat-Transmitting Rates of Some Opaque and Transparent
Closing Walls.
(Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 Index For Comparison is the u-coefficient of transmission.

Approximate comparison by U-Coefficients of the Heat-Transmitting Rates of Some Opaque and Transparent
Closing Walls.
(Salvan, 1999
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT
CONSERVATION
 Index For Comparison is the u-coefficient of transmission.

Approximate comparison by U-Coefficients of the Heat-Transmitting Rates of Some Opaque and Transparent
Closing Walls.
(Salvan, 1999
End of presentation
reference
Salvan, G. (1999). Archiectural Utilities 2: Electrical an Mechanical
Equipment. Quezon City: JMC Press Incorporated.