Spatial Graphics:

Shape Description and Spatial

Relationships

Representation of Space Relationships:

Two- and Three-Dimentional
Projections
Projections
Behind every drawing of an object is a space
relationship involving four imaginary things:
1. The observer’s eye or the station point
2. The object
3. The plane of projections
4. The projectors or visual rays or lines of
sight
Projections
If the observer’s eye is imagined as infinitely
distant from the object and the plane of
projection, the projectors will be parallel.
This type of projection is know as a parallel
projections.
If the projectors are also perpendicular to the
plane of projection the result is an orthographic
or right-angle projections.
Multiview Projection
The method of viewing an object to obtain a multiview projection is illustrated in figure a. Between
the observer and the object a transparent plane is located parallel to the front view. The view is
obtained by drawing perpendicular lines (projectors) from all points of the edges of the object to the
plane of projection (figure b). The piercing points of these projectors form lines on the projection
plane (figure c)
 Multiview Projection
A similar procedure can be used to obtain the top view (figure a) and the
right-side view (figure b).
Multiview Projection
If planes of projection are placed parallel to the principal faces of the object, they for a “glass box”
as shown in figure a. Since the glass box has six sides, six views of the object can be obtained.
To show the views on a flat sheet of paper it is necessary to unfold the planes so that they will all
lie in the same plane. All planes except the rear plane are hinged to the frontal plane (figure b).
Multiview Projection
The positions of the six
planes after they have
been revolved are shown.
Views of an Object
A pictorial drawing shows an object as it
appears to the observer but cannot describe the
object fully because it does not show the exact
shapes and sizes no matter which direction it is
viewed from.
Industry requires a more complete and clear
description of an object to make certain the
object is manufactured exactly as intended by
the designer or engineer.
To accurately describe an object a number of
systematically arranged views are used. This
system is called multiview projection.
To obtain a view the observer is looking
perpendicularly toward one of the faces of the
object to obtain a true view of the shape and
size of that side.
Views of an Object
Views of an object can be
obtained by revolving the object.
To obtain the top view, hold the
object in the front view position.
Revolve the object to bring the top
of the object up and toward you.
To obtain the right side view, hold
the object in the front view
position. Revolve the object to
bring the right side toward you.
The front, top, and right side views
are arranged as shown and are
called the three regular view
because they are the views most
frequently used.
Views of an Object
Any object can be viewed
from six mutually
perpendicular directions.
The six views are always
arranged as shown.
The three principal
dimensions of an object
are Height, Width, and
Depth. Any one view can
only show two
dimensions. The third
dimension is found in an
adjacent view.
Views of an Object
The front view of an object should show the
object in its operating position. The front
view should also show the best shape of the
object and the most detail.
In the example the side of the automobile
was selected as the front view of the
drawing rather than the actual front of the
automobile.
Machine parts are often drawn in the
position that it occupies in the assembly
drawing.
Views of an Object
A production drawing should show only those views needed for a clear and complete shape
description of the object. Often only two views are needed to clearly describe the shape of an
object.
In selecting the views, show only those that best show the essential contours or shapes and
have the lease number of hidden lines.
Unnecessary or duplicate views are eliminated or not shown. In the example, the left side,
rear, and bottom views are eliminated.
Systems of Projection
 Systems of Projection
3rd Angle Projection
The object is considered to be placed in 3 rd quadrant.
Eye –> Plane –> Object arrangement

1st Angle Projection

The object is considered to be placed in 1 st quadrant.
Eye –> Object –> Plane arrangement
Systems of Projection

Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection

First and Third Angle

Projections
Conventional Orthographic Views

Width

Top View Depth

Right
Front View Side Height
View
Sketching Three Views
Hidden lines
Hidden lines are used to show hidden features. They are made thin and dark (dense black).
A hidden line is a dashed line consisting of 1/8” dashes with 1/32” spaces.

Correct and incorrect

practices in drawing
hidden lines.
Sketching Three Views
Precedence of lines:
Visible object lines, hidden lines, and center
lines often coincide on a drawing. The
drafter must determine which lines to show
and which ones to eliminate.
A visible object line always takes
precedence over hidden lines and center
lines (A) & (B).
A hidden line always takes precedence over
a center line (C).
Multiview Projection
No line should be drawn where a curved surface is tangent to a plane surface. When a curved
surface intersects a plane surface a definite edge is formed. Show are examples of
intersections and tangencies.
Projections
Watch animations at:

http://www.science-animations.com/support-files/engdrawing.swf