Session 2

Characterization of Seismicity for

Displacement-Based Seismic Design
 Session 2
SEISMICITY CHARACTERIZATION
FOR
DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED
SEISMIC DESIGN
 Seismicity Outline
• Time histories
• Response Spectra
• Seismic Input for DDBD
• Influence of Magnitude and Distance
• Damping Reduction Factors
 WHITTIER NARROWS 1987, Mw = 6.0 (15 km)
ACCELEROGRAM

0 .8

0 .4
0.4g
A c c e le ra tio n ( x g )

- 0 .4

( a ) W h ittie r E a rth q u a k e , M W = 6 .0 , 19 8 7
- 0 .8
0 4 8 12 16 20
T im e (s e c )
 NOTRTHRIDGE, 1994, Mw=6.7 (6km)
ACCELEROGRAM

0 .8 0.85g

0 .4
A c c e le ra tio n ( x g )

- 0 .4

( b ) S y lm a r R e c o rd , N o rth rid g e E a rth q u a k e , M W = 6 .7 , 19 9 4

- 0 .8
0 4 8 12 16 20
T im e (s e c )
 KOBE, 1995, Mw=6.9 (1 km)
ACCELEROGRAM

0 .8

0 .4
A c c e le r a t i o n ( x g )

-0 .4

( c ) K o b e E a rth q u a k e , M W = 6 .9 , 19 9 5
-0 .8
0 4 8 12 16 20
T im e (s e c )

0.8g
 1
0 .8 GROUND DISPLACEMENT
0 .6
0 .4
D is p la c e m e n t ( c m )

0 .2
0
- 0 .2 Whittier, 1.0cm
- 0 .4
- 0 .6
( a ) W h ittie r R e c o rd M W = 6 .0 , 19 8 7
- 0 .8
-1
0 5 10 15 20
T im e (s e c )
30

20
D is p la c e m e n t ( c m )

10

Northridge, 30cm
0

- 10

-20 ( b ) S y l m a r R e c o r d , 19 9 4 N o r t h r i d g e E a r t h q u a k e , M W = 6 . 7

-30
0 5 10 15 20
T im e (s e c )
30

20
D is p la c e m e n t ( c m )

10

0
Kobe, 20cm
- 10

-20 ( c ) K o b e E a r t h q u a k e 19 9 5 , M W = 6 . 9

-30
0 5 10 15 20
 Time History Observations
• Acceleration time histories give an
incomplete picture of an EQ
• Frequency content may be influenced by
distance to source
• Displacement time histories expose
large differences between earthquakes
of comparatively similar PGAs
 Definition of Response Spectra
An earthquake response spectrum depicts the elastic
response of single degree of freedom oscillators to a
specific ground motion.

It is nothing more than a graphical representation of

the solution of the equation of motion for SDOF
oscillators subjected to an arbitrary loading history
• Generated for a specific level of viscous damping.
• Elastic response shown as acceleration (ars), velocity
(vrs), or displacement (drs).
• Usually expressed in terms of response quantity vs.
period (or frequency)
Response Spectra Defined

acceleration

displacement
acceleration
displacement

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
äg Period
(a) SDOF Oscillators (b) Elastic Response Spectra
 SPECTRA FOR WHITTIER Mw 6 RECORD

0 .8 2

S p e c tra l d is p la c e m e n t ( c m )
 = 0 .0 5
S p e c tra l a c c e le ra tio n ( x g )

1.6 0 .10
0 .6
0 .15
1.2 0 .2 0
0 .4
 = 0 .0 5
0 .8
0 .10
0 .2 0 .15
0 .2 0 0 .4

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d (s e c o n d s )
( a ) W h ittie r ( M W = 6 .0 )

3 80
a c e m e n t (c m )
le r a t i o n ( x g )

60
2
 = 0 .0 5
0 .10
 0 .4

S p e c tra l d is p la
 = 0 .0 5

S p e c tra l a c c e
0 .8
0 .10
0 .2 0 .15
SPECTRA FOR NORTHRIDGE Mw 6.7 RECORD 0 .2 0 0 .4

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d ( s e c o n d s ) P e rio d ( s e c o n d s )
( a ) W h ittie r ( M W = 6 .0 )

3 80

S p e c tra l d is p la c e m e n t ( c m )
S p e c t ra l a c c e le ra tio n ( x g )

60
2
 = 0 .0 5
0 .10 40
0 .15
 = 0 .0 5
1 0 .2 0
0 .10
20 0 .15
0 .2 0
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d ( s e c o n d s ) P e rio d ( s e c o n d s )
( b ) S y lm a r ( N o rth rid g e ,19 9 4 ; M W = 6 .7 )

2 .5 50
m e n t (c m )
tio n (x g )

2 40
 40
0 .15

S p e c tra l d is p l
 = 0 .0 5

S p e c tra l a c c
1 0 .2 0
0 .10
20 0 .15
SPECTRA FOR KOBE Mw 6.9 RECORD 0 .2 0
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d (s e c o n d s )
( b ) S y lm a r ( N o r t h r i d g e , 1 9 9 4 ; M W = 6 .7 )

2 .5 50

S p e c tra l d is p la c e m e n t ( c m )
S p e c tra l a c c e le ra tio n ( x g )

2 40

1.5 30
 = 0 .0 5
0 .10
1 0 .15 20  = 0 .0 5
0 .2 0 0 .10
0 .5 10 0 .15
0 .2 0
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d (s e c o n d s )
(c ) K o b e (M W = 6 .9 )
 Response Spectra Observations
• ARS do not give the complete picture of
damage potential of an EQ
• EQs with large PGAs do not necessarily
indicate large potential for damage.
• Distance to source plays an important
role in defining damage potential of an
EQ
 Seismic Input for DDBD
1 0 .5

0 .8 0 .4

D is p la c e m e n t  ( T ) ( m )
A c c e le ra tio n a ( T ) ( g )

0 .6 0 .3

0 .4 0 .2

0 .2 0 .1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d T (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d T ( s e c o n d s )
( a ) A c c e le ra tio n S p e c tru m f o r 5 % d a m p in g ( b D is p la c e m e n t S p e c tru m f o r 5 % d a m p in g

Force-based design DDBD

 DRS Options
• Approximate from code-ARS
• Direct calculation from parameters
• Ground motion prediction equations
(magnitude-distance relationships) for
DRS (only one at this time)
• Site-specific evaluation
.DESIGN DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA (1)
• Can be approximately generated from design
acceleration spectra (5% damping) using acceleration-
displacement relationships:

(T,5) = (T2/42).g.a(T,5)
• Values for damping other than 5% can be generated
from relationships such as:
0.5
 7  “Normal” records, EC8 1998
 T ,   T ,5   
 2 
0.25
 7  “Velocity pulse” records (Forward
 T ,   T ,5   
 2    directionality) (tentative!)
ASCE 7 Design Spectra
ASCE 7 Corner Point Period Maps
Derived ASCE 7 Displacement
Spectra

Tc
GENERAL FORM OF ELASTIC 5% DISPLACEMENT
SPECTRUM, FROM EC8

Plateau
max
max

Corner
Displacement

Period

Linear
 PGPG

TC Period TD TE
TC Period TD TE
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA (2)

• However, design acceleration spectra tend to be

inaccurate (and often excessively conservative) in the
long-period range.
• Also, relationships between pseudo displacement and
acceleration are inaccurate in the long-period range.
• An alternative approach is to generate displacement
spectra directly from source mechanics, and recent
digital records (e.g. Bommer, 2001, Faccioli et al,2002).
An approach developed from Faccioli et al,2002 is used
here:
 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA (3)

CHARACTERISTICS: (From Faccioli et al)

• 5% displacement spectrum increases linearly to a corner
period, then remains constant (large earthquakes), or
decreases (moderate earthquakes) at longer periods. (In
fact, at very large periods (T>10sec) it must reduce to
the peak ground displacement)
• Soil amplification of displacement occurs throughout the
period range. Corner period is not significantly affected.
• Soft soil amplification is more pronounced at longer
distances (30 – 50 km) for both moderate and large
earthquakes.
 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA (4)
• Based on Faccioli’s observations,the corner period Tc
appears to increase almost linearly with moment
magnitude. For earthquakes with MW > 5.7, the
following expression seems conservative:

Tc  1.0  2.5 M w  5.7  seconds

• Peak displacement at the corner period can be

estimated from the following expression (firm ground):
( MW 3.2 )
10 r = nearest
 max  mm
distance to fault
r plane (km)
 M = 7 .5
2000
S p e c tra l D is p la c e m e n t ( m m )
1600

1200

800 M = 7 .0

400
M = 6 .5
M = 6 .0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
P e rio d (s e c o n d s )

5% Damped Spectra Resulting from the

Equations, at r = 10km
 2000
S p e c tra l D is p la c e m e n t ( m m )
1600

1200 M = 7 .5

800

400 M = 7 .0

M = 6 .5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
P e rio d ( s e c o n d s )

5% Damped spectra, Resulting from the

Equations, at r = 20 km
 2000
S p e c tra l D is p la c e m e n t ( m m )
1600

1200

800
M = 7 .5
400
M = 7 .0
M = 6 .5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
P e rio d (s e c o n d s )

5% Damped spectra Resulting from the

Equations, at r = 40 km
 DATA FOR TYPICAL LIMIT-STATE SPECTRA
(ELASTIC)

Level 1 EQ Level 2 EQ Level 3 EQ

Prob. of 50% in 50
Serviceability 10% in
Damage 50
Control 2% Safe.
Life in 50
exceedence yrs yrs yrs
Magnitude, MW 6.15 7.0 7.5
Corner Period, TC 2.13 4.25 5.5
(sec)
Corner Disp. max, 89 631 1995
(mm)
Period TB (Fig.2.5) 0.3 0.5 0.7
(sec)
Peak Ground Acc. 0.22 0.47 0.83
(xg)
Peak Spectral Acc. 0.55 1.18 2.08
(xg)
 Elastic Spectra for Different Limit States
SERV.= Mw 6.15; D.C.= Mw 7.0; L.S. = 7.5 all at r=10km

2000 2
L if e
L if e
S p e c tra l D is p la c e m e n t ( m m )

s a f e ty

S p e c tra l A c c e le ra tio n ( x g )
16 0 0 s a f e ty 1.6

12 0 0 1.2 D am age
c o n tro l
800 D am age 0 .8
c o n tro l S e rv ic e a b ility
400 0 .4
S e r v i c e a b i li t y
0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P e rio d (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d (s e c o n d s )
( a ) D is p la c e m e n t S p e c tra ( b ) A c c e le ra tio n S p e c tra
 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA
Note that the method for generating design
spectra is PRELIMINARY and TENTATIVE, and
applies to FIRM GROUND. It also applies to
strike/slip earthquakes (i.e. not to subduction
events).
( M W 3.2 )
Firm Ground: 10
 max 
r
Approximate modification factors for other ground
conditions:
Rock: Multiply by 0.7
Intermediate Soil: Multiply by 1.4
Very Soft Soil: Muultiply by 1.8
 16 Tc  1.0  2.5 M w  5.7 

log10 Tc  1.25  0.3M W

12

C o rn e r P e rio d (s e c )
N EH RP

8
F a c c i o li e t a l
(2002)

4 Faccioli,2006

E C8

5 .5 6 6 .5 7 7 .5 8
M o m e n t M a g n itu d e M W

DIFFERENT ESTIMATES OF RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN CORNER PERIOD AND MAGNITUDE
 INFLUENCE OF DAMPING AND DUCTILITY ON
SPECTRAL DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE
0. 5
 10 
Current EC8:  T ,   T ,5   
 5 
0. 5
 7 
1993 EC8:  T ,   T ,5   
 2 
Newmark and Hall 1987:  T ,   T ,5 1.31  ln . 
Independent analyses by Priestley et al, Kowalsky et al, Sullivan et
al, support the 1993 EC8, not the 2003 Eqn,nor Newmark and Hall.

0.25
Tentative Expression  10 7 
for Forward Directivity,  T ,   T ,5   
Near field  25   
 Damping Modifiers to Elastic Spectral
Displacements
1

0 .8
N e w m a rk + H a ll
R e d u c tio n F a c to r

0 .6 E C 8 (n ew )

0 .4 E C 8 ( o ld )

0 .2

0 10 20 30 40 50
D a m p in g ra tio ( % )
Analysis of spectrum-compatible and “real” records indicates
reasonable period independence, and agreement with EC8 (old)
 AVERAGE COMPARISON OF 14 SPECTRUM
COMPATIBLE RECORDS WITH 1993 EC8 DESIGN
EQUATION, AT DIFFERENT DAMPING LEVELS
80

  0 .0 5
S p e c tra l D is p la c e m e n t ( c m )

60
  0 .10
  0 .15
40   0 .2 0
  0 .2 5

20

0
0 1 2 3 4
P e rio d (s e c o n d s )
 Recommended Spectral correction for Damping

  0 .0 5   0 .0 5
1 1
R e la t i v e D i s p l a c e m e n t  T ,      

R e l a t i v e D i s p la c e m e n t  T ,    4 , 5 %
  0 .10
  0 .10   0 .15
0 .8 0 .8   0 .2 0
  0 .15   0 .3 0

0 .6   0 .2 0 0 .6
  0 .3 0
0 .4 0 .4

0 .2 ( E q .( 2 .8 ) ) 0 .2 ( E q .( 2 .11) )

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
P e rio d T (s e c o n d s ) P e rio d T (s e c o n d s )
( a ) " N o rm a l" C o n d itio n s ( b ) V e lo c ity P u ls e C o n d it io n s

K=22me/Te2; VBase = Kd (inversely prop to Te2)

Note that designing for “Velocity Pulse” spectra
of the type in the previous slide using Direct
Displacement-Based Design automatically results
in a reduced effective period, and hence an
increased seismic design force to limit the
displacements to the design value.
This is one of the (many) advantages of Direct
Displacement-Based Design