CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Course Description
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by
examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using various
discipline of social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political,
technological and other transformations that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of people and places around the
globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various
debates in global governance, development and sustainability. Beyond
exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to
inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
 +

Lesson 1:Introduction to the Study of Globalization

At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization
3. 3.Agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course and recognize the history of our Global Economy
4. Identify the effects of Globalization
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
 Definition of Globalization
Globalization, according to sociologists, is an ongoing
process that involves interconnected changes in the
economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society. As a
process, it involves the ever-increasing integration of these
aspects between nations, regions, communities, and even
seemingly isolated places.
In terms of the economy, globalization refers to the
expansion of capitalism to include all places around the world
into one globally integrated economic system.
 Definition of Globalization
Culturally, it refers to the global spread and integration of
ideas, values, norms, behaviors, and ways of life.
Politically, it refers to the development of forms of
governance that operate at the global scale, whose policies
and rules cooperative nations are expected to abide. 
These three core aspects of globalization are fueled by
technological development, the global integration of
communication technologies, and the global distribution of
media.
 Everyday, we wear clothes that are made in
China. Cars that have parts that were
manufactured in all parts of the world. When we
go to supermarket/ groceries there are fruits and
vegetables from India.

During the early times it’s hard to acquire / buy

an imported item, but nowadays, we can easily
avail imported products because of globalization.

While browsing TV channels you may stop at the

various shopping channels, and in your brief stop
you may view a panel discussing globalization.
Even in the news, there is always a
story that discusses the economic
sequence of globalization.

Globalization is the opening of local

and nationalistic perspectives to a
broader outlook of an interconnected
and interdependent world with free
transfer of capital , goods and services
across national frontiers.
 THE HISTORY OF OUR GLOBAL ECONOMY

Some sociologists, like William I. Robinson, frame globalization

as a process that began with the creation of the capitalist
economy, which formed connections between distant regions
of the World as far back as the middle ages. In fact, Robinson
has argued that because A CAPITALIST ECONOMY is premised
on growth and expansion, a globalized economy is the
inevitable result of capitalism. From the earliest phases of
capitalism onward, European colonial and imperial powers,
and later U.S. Imperialism, created global economic, political,
cultural, and social connections around the world.
But despite this, up until the mid-20th
century, the world economy was actually a
compilation of competing and cooperating
national economies. Trade was international
rather than global. From the mid-20th century
on, the process of globalization intensified
and quickened as national trade, production,
and finance regulations were dismantled, and
international economic and political
agreements were forged in order to produce
a global economy premised on the “free”
movement of money and corporations.
 Effects of Globalization
Globalization has positive and negative effects.
On individual level, it affects both the standard
and quality of life. On business level,
globalization affects an organization’s product
life cycle and an organization balance sheet.
Globalization also affects how governments
throughout the world create policies affecting
areas such as monetary regulations and trades.
 Individual Effects
Globalization affects the standard of life and quality of life of
individuals and families all over the world.
Standard of living is the level of wealth, comfort, material
goods, and necessities available to them in a certain
geographic area, usually a country.
Quality of life  is the general well-being of individuals and
societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. It
observes life satisfaction, including everything from physical
health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety,
security to freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment.
In many instances, quality of life has
improved for those who live in developing
nations. In many developing nations ,
globalization has led to an improvement in the
standard of living through improved roads and
transportation, health and care, and improved
education due to the global expansion of
corporations. However, it has negative effects
on individual living in developed nations. This
is due to the fact that corporations now have
option of establishing manufacturing
operations in nations where manufacturing
and production costs are less expensive.
 Corporate Effects
On a corporation level, it has effects on organization’s
product or service life cycle.
Product life cycle is a period of time over which an item is
developed, brought to market and eventually removed
from the world market.
Ex: (Positive Corporate Effect)The Kinder Egg product
which is very popular among kids. The US banned the
sale of these products due to choking hazard . However
due to globalization, Kinder Egg is still a popular candy
sold in Canada and several countries in Europe.
 Negative Corporate Effects
Many companies offer their services globally to expand their
market, or they use services from overseas to decrease their costs.
Outsourcing services decrease in wages, workers' rights and
interdependent economy are some of the negative effects of
globalization on companies.
Outsourcing is a business practice in which a company hires
another company or an individual to perform tasks, handle
operations or provide services that are either usually executed or
had previously been done by the company's own employees.
He outside company, which is known as the service provider or a ,
arranges for its own workers or computer systems to perform the
tasks or services third-party provider either on site at the hiring
 Outsourcing Work
Foreign workforce offers cheaper labor for many- service related
positions, but the control of quality of service, shipping
expenses and time delays can have hidden costs. A company
considering outsourcing a service needs to look at all related
expenses and possible problems from having it done overseas.
Shipping products overseas, delays in information or financial
reporting can reduce any financial savings.
Outsourcing work that was an internal function may help
minimize company expenses. However, quality of work can
suffer and potentially create more expenses because of the
language barriers
 Decrease Wages
Many jobs performed in emerging countries for less
cause a decrease in the wages offered in developing
countries. As wages decrease for positions that paid
more, the workers will feel less appreciated and put
forth less effort in their job. In emerging countries
where there are minimal wage labor laws, the
competition for outsourced work will drive down wages
for the workers. When companies stop seeing their
personnel as a business investment they create long-
term problems for a short- term savings.
 Workers’ Rights
In some emerging countries, labor laws that
protect workers from exploitation and
mistreatment are almost non-existent. This
could harm the image of the company that
outsources services from foreign company
that exploits children or the rights of their
works. A company’s public reputation of
how it treats its employees, even if they are
 Lesson 2:The Global Economy
At the end of the module ,you are expected to:
1. Define economic globalization
2. Identify the factors that facilitate economic
globalization
3. Define the modern world system
4. Articulate an instance on global economic
integration
Introduction
 Factors that facilitate globalization
1. Historical:
Before, in order to easily trade from one kingdom to
another, they created the trade routes. The well-
known silk road route from east to west is an example
of historical factor
2. Economy:
The movement of goods determine the cost of goods
and values to the end user. The overall economics of a
particular industry or trade is an important factor in
globalization.
3 Resources and markets:
The natural resources like minerals, coal, oil, gas,
4.  Generation Issues:
Usage of developed limits of creation, drowsiness in local
market and over generation of fabricating organization
search externally and go worldwide. The improvement of
abroad markets and assembling plants of cars, four
wheelers and two wheelers is an established illustrations.
5 Political:
The political issues of a country make globalization
channeled as per political bosses/ political pioneer. The
exchange understandings decide the extent of
globalization. Trading in European union and special
agreement in the erstwhile soviet block and SAARC are
examples.
6 Mechanical Association
The innovative improvement in the zones of
generation, item blends and firms are helping
association to extend their tasks. The contracting of
administrations and acquirement of sub congregations
and segments have solid impacting the globalization
process.
7. Advances
The phase of innovations in a particular field gives rise
to import or export of products or services from or to
the country. European countries like England and
Germany exported their chemical, electrical,
mechanical plants in 50s and 60s and exports high tech
(then) goods to under developed countries. Today India
is exporting computer / software related services to
advanced counties like UK, USA, etc.
 Modern World System
Immanuel Wallerstein, an American sociologist described high
income nations as “core” of the world economy. This core is the
manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel
becomes the technology and wealth enjoyed by the western
world nowadays. In his model, the periphery remains
economically dependent on the core in a number of ways which
tend to reinforce each other. First, poor countries have fewer
resources to export to rich nations. However, they can buy these
raw materials cheaply and process and sell them to rich nations.
As a result the profits tend to bypass the poor countries. Poor
countries lack industrial capacity that’s they need to import
expensive goods from rich nations. All these unequal trade
 Global Economic Integration
Global economic integration is widely thought to
improve the allocation of resources, promote
technology transfer, and improve living standards.
But at the same time, economic integration has been
blamed for growing trade imbalance, increased
financial market volatility, and less effective domestic
macroeconomic policies.
Notion of International Economic Integration
 Lesson 3:The Market Integration
At the end of the module, you are
expected to:
1.Explain the role of international financial
institutions in the creation of a global
economy
2.Narrate a short history of global market
integration in the twentieth century
 Role of International Financial
Institutions in Creation of Global
Economy
History of Global Market in 20th
Century
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATION
 LESSON 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
1.Explain the effects of globalization on government
2. Identify the institutions that govern international
relations
3. Differentiate internationalism from globalism
4. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
5. Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization
DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
 FACTORS THAT FACILITATE ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
1. Historical:
The trade routes were made over the years so that goods
from one kingdom or country moved to another. The well
known silk-route from east to west is an example of historical
factor.
2. Economy:
The cost of goods and values to the end user determine the
movement of goods and value addition. The overall
economics of a particular industry or trade is an important
factor in globalization.
3. Resources and Markets:
The natural resources like minerals, coal, oil, gas, human
resources, water, etc. Make an important contribution in
4.Production Issues:
Utilization of built up capacities of production, sluggishness
in domestic market and over production makes a
manufacturing company look outward and go global. The
development of overseas markets and manufacturing plants
in autos, four wheelers and two wheelers is a classical
example.
5.Political:
the political issues of a country make globalization
channelized as per political bosses. The regional trade
understandings or agreements determine the scope of
globalization. Trading in European union and special
agreement in the erstwhile soviet block and SAARC are
examples.
6. Industrial Organization:
the technological development in the areas of production,
product mix and firms are helping organizations to expand
their operations. The hiring of services and procurement of
sub-assemblies and components have a strong influence in the
globalization process.

7. Technologies:
the stage of technology in a particular field gives rise to import
or export of products or services from or to the country.
European countries like England and Germany exported their
chemical, electrical, mechanical plants in 50s and 60s and
exports high tech (then) goods to under developed countries.
Today India is exporting computer / software related services
to advanced counties like UK, USA, etc.
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF UNITED
NATION
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES
ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL
PROBLEM
GLOBALIZATION vs INTERNATIONALISM
 LESSON 5- GLOBAL DIVIDES:
NORTH & SOUTH
At the end of this module, you re expected to:
1.Understand the north and south divide
2.Know the concept of the Three-World Model
3.Learn the relationship of the three worlds in
21st century
LESSON 6: ASIAN RELIGIONALISM

At the end of the module, you are

expected to:
 LESSON 7: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
At the end of the module, you are expected to:1
1. Analyze how various media drive various
forms of global integration
2. Explain the dynamic between local and
global cultural production
3. Understand the effects of global media
 LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY

At the end of the module, you are

expected to:
1. Understand the global city thesis
2. Identify the attributes of global city
3. Analyze how cities serve as engines
of globalization
 THE GLOBAL CITY
At its core, the term global city is rooted in
economics. Beginning in the 15th century
globalization took root and the world’s disparate
regional economics began to converge. As a result,
economic hubs began to emerge in key cities
around the world. It is to this phenomena the term
“global city” refers to (Washington,2018)
Global city, an urban centre that
enjoys significant competitive
advantages and that serves as a hub
within a globalized economic system.
(Charnaock,n.d)

A global city is a significant production

point of specialized financial and
producer services that make the
globalized economy run (Renn,2112)
The rise of global cities has been linked with two
globalization-related trends: first, the expansion of
the role of transnational corporations (TNC’s) in
global production patterns and, second, the decline
of mass production along fordist lines and
the concomitant rise of flexible production centered
within urban areas. These two trends explain the
emergence of networks of certain cities serving the
financial and service requirements of TNC’s while
other cities suffer the consequences of
deindustrialization and fail to become “global.”
Global cities are those that therefore become
effective command-and-coordination posts for TNC’s
within a globalizing world economy. 
Such cities have also assumed a governance
role at the local scale and within wider
configurations of what some commentators
have termed the “glocalization” of state
institutions. This refers to processes in which
certain national state functions of organization
and administration have been devolved to the
local scale. An example of this would be
London. Since the 1980s London has
consolidated its position as a global banking
and financial centre, de-linked from the
national economy.(Charnock, n.d)
 FUNCTIONS OF GLOBAL CITY
What is a global city? Most scholars accept the
definition of Saskia Sassen, the Columbia University
sociologist and leading theorist of global cities.
Sassen says that global cities are “strategic sites”
that manage and guide the global economy. Many
of these cities were already centers for
international trade and banking. Now, as global
cities, they have four new functions:
 FUNCTIONS OF GLOBAL CITY
• As highly concentrated command points in
the organization of the world economy.
• As key locations of finance and specialized
service firms, which have replaced
manufacturing as the leading economic
sectors.
• As sites of production, including innovation,
in these leading sectors.
• As markets for the products and innovations
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY

According to Longworth (2015) , a true global

city is balanced between four pillars of urban
life. The first is civic: an effective city
government supported by institutions of civil
society, such as think tanks and foundations,
especially those embedded in the global
society.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
The second is commercial: a powerful
business community with global connections.
The third is educational: both higher education
and K-12.
The fourth is cultural: the arts and
entertainment that give the city its soul. A
myriad of attributes support these pillars:
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
1. Economic Attributes
First and foremost, global cities are the hubs of
the global economy. No city is a global city
unless it is an economic powerhouse, dominant
in finance, trade, manufacturing, or business
services. Some cities, such as London or New
York, command several economic sectors.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
Others dominate only one sector but, if
that sector is globally important, so is the
city — Los Angeles, for instance, and its
entertainment industry. Other attributes,
such as good schools and culture, are
vital components of a global city, but the
economy pays for it all.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
2. Size
For the most part, no city under a million people
need apply. San Francisco and Zurich, with their
specialized clout, are included in some listings,
but they’re exceptions. Otherwise, all global
cities are big cities—three million people or more.
It takes size to offer all the attributes needed to
be a global city. But note: size isn’t enough.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
Some of the world’s biggest cities— Manila, Cairo,
Mexico City, Lagos, Kolkata, and Lima—are nobody’s
idea of a global city, and may never be widely
accepted.
3. Human Capital
This means having a storehouse of smart, educated,
creative people. The percentage of the population with
a college degree counts. So does the number of
universities and their quality.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
So does the international student population, along
with the number of foreign professors and researchers.
Any global city must understand the outside world and
have links to it, so its ability to attract brains from
around the world is vital.
4. K-12 Education
At the upper-wage end of the socioeconomic scale, this
means good schools for the children of global citizens.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
Entrepreneurs and investors will shun a
city where their children get a bad
education. At the lower-wage level, this
means a solid education for the army of
workers— truckers, cooks, small
manufacturing employees, clerical
workers, retail workers—whom a global
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
5. Foreign-born Residents
Tied to human capital is the sheer number of
foreign-born residents. Some are expatriate
professionals, living abroad for a job for a few
years. Like bees flitting from flower to flower,
they are a mobile source of knowledge of best
practices from around the world.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
Large immigrant populations are more often poorer and less
educated, but they are both cause and effect of urban vitality.
They go to global cities because that’s where the jobs are
and, once there, add their new blood and verve to that
vitality.
6. Culture
Culture is also a cause and effect of a global city. A strong
economy pays for the museums, universities, symphonies,
and theaters that make a city more than a labor pool.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
This is also a draw for global citizens who
have a palette of places to live, work, and
do business. And high culture is only a
small part. Good restaurants are crucial. So
are recreation and sporting events. So are
night clubs and wine bars and rock
concerts. Global citizens will go to the place
where their brains and education can be
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
7. Tourism
Because global cities are so big, so vibrant, so
much fun, they are magnets for tourists. Tourists
themselves are a major export industry: they
come from outside to buy what a city has to offer.
Then, having seen the global city firsthand, they
take their impressions home with them, helping to
create the buzz that any global city needs.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
8. Political Engagement

This is the interaction between the city’s political structure and the
rest of the world. Obviously, national capitals have an advantage—
they have the embassies and international organizations. When
foreign leaders travel abroad, they are more likely to go to
Washington than Chicago, or to Paris than Lyon. But a non-capital
global city will have many consulates and should have major think
tanks and a calendar of international conferences.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY

9. Connectivity
For the most part, this means air and digital
connections to the rest of the world. If global
cities are where global citizens meet, then a
major airport with a full schedule of nonstop
flights to other global cities is crucial. So is
topflight broadband connectivity.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
10. Globally Attuned Local Leadership
City officials must understand their cities’ place in
the global economy. Then they must sell this
global focus to voters for whom all politics may be
local. This is hard: pro-business policies that draw
in global corporations and global citizens can
conflict with policies needed to provide decent
lives for those whom the global economy has left
behind.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
In addition, cities need to spend heavily to keep their
global status. Global investors can afford these costs, but
everyone else — middle class and working class — may be
priced out of town.
11. Quality of Life
This includes public transit, the environment, safe streets,
good health care, and efficient and honest local
government. A reputation for corruption, pollution, or
crime will damage a city’s competitive power.
 ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY
12. National Political and Economic Climate
Even global cities are affected by their nations’ policies.
Global corporations deal with national laws on visas,
trade, currency repatriation, export supports,
infrastructure investment, and other policies. For global
investors seeking business-friendly environments, these
national negatives can outweigh local positives. Countries
that censor their media or limit digital communications
make it harder for global citizens to live and work there.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
1. The geographic dispersal of economic
activities that marks globalization, along with
the simultaneous integration of such
geographically dispersed activities, is a key
factor feeding the growth and importance of
central corporate functions. The more dispersed
a firm's operations across different countries,
the more complex and strategic its central
functions—that is, the work of managing,
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL(Sassen 2005)
2. These central functions become so complex that
increasingly the headquarters of large global firms
outsource them: they buy a share of their central
functions from highly specialized service firms—
accounting, legal, public relations, programming,
telecommunications, and other such services. While
even ten years ago the Key site for the production of
these central headquarter functions was the
headquarters of a firm.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
Today there is a second key site: the specialized
service firms contracted by headquarters to
produce some of these central functions or
components of them. This is especially the case
with firms involved in global markets and non-
routine operations. But increasingly the
headquarters of all large firms are buying more of
such inputs rather than producing them in-house.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
3. Those specialized service firms engaged in the most
complex and globalized markets are subject to
agglomeration economies. The complexity of the
services they need to produce, the uncertainty of the
markets they are involved with either directly or
through the headquarters for which they are producing
the services, and the growing importance of speed in
all these transactions, is a mix of conditions that
constitutes a new agglomeration dynamic.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
The mix of firms, talents, and expertise from a broad range of
specialized fields makes a certain type of urban environment function
as an information center. Being in a city becomes synonymous with
being in an extremely intense and dense information loop.
4. A fourth hypothesis, derived from the preceding one, is that the
more headquarters outsource their most complex, unstandardized
functions, particularly those subject to uncertain and changing
markets, the freer they are to opt for any location, because less work
actually done in the headquarters is subject to agglomeration
economies.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen 2005)
This further underlines that the key sector
specifying the distinctive production advantages
of global cities is the highly specialized and
networked services sector. In developing this
hypothesis I was responding to a very common
notion that the number of headquarters is what
specifies a global city. Empirically it may still be
the case in many countries that the leading
business center is also the leading
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
But this may well be because there is an absence of
alternative locational options. But in countries with a well-
developed infrastructure outside the leading business center,
there are likely to be multiple locational option for such
headquarters.
5. These specialized service firms need to provide a global
service which has meant a global network of affiliates or
some other form of partnership, and as a result we have seen
a strengthening of cross border city-city transactions and
network.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
At the limit, this may well be the beginning of the
formation of transnational urban systems. The growth
of global markets for finance and specialized
services, the need for transnational servicing
networks due to sharp increases in international
investment, the reduced role of the government in
the regulation of international economic activity, and
the corresponding ascendance of other institutional
arenas—notably global markets and corporate
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
A related hypothesis for research is that the economic
fortunes of these cities become increasingly disconnected
from their broader hinterlands or even their national
economies. We can see here the formation, at least
incipient, of transnational urban systems. To a large extent
major business centers in the world today draw their
importance from these transnational networks. There is no
such thing as a single global city—and in this sense there
is a sharp contrast with the erstwhile capitals of empires.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
6. The growing numbers of high-level professionals and high profit
making specialized service firms have the effect of raising the degree
of spatial and socio-economic inequality evident in these cities. The
strategic role of these specialized services as inputs raises the value
of top level professionals and their numbers. Further, the fact that
talent can matter enormously for the quality of these strategic
outputs and, given the importance of speed, proven talent is an
added value, the structure of rewards is likely to experience rapid
increases. Types of activities and workers lacking these attributes,
whether manufacturing or industrial services, are likely to get caught
in the opposite cycle.
 THE GLOBAL CITY MODEL (Sassen
2005)
7. One result of the dynamics described in hypothesis
six, is the growing informalization of a range of
economic activities which find their effective demand
in these cities, yet have profit rates that do not allow
them to compete for various resources with the high-
profit making firms at the top of the system. In
formalizing part of or all production and distribution
activities, including services, is the way of surviving
under these conditions.
GLOBAL CITIES AS MAGNETS
 GLOBAL CITIES AS MAGNETS
Global cities encompass more than just their
economic roots. The opportunities these cities
present act as magnets for people from all walks
of life and cultures, creating meeting points at
which cultures may co-exist and mix together.
Consequently, , global cities are defined as
much by their diversity as they are by their
economic importance (Washington, 2018).
 GLOBAL CITIES AS MAGNETS

The Global Power City Index (GPCI) rank the

world’s most important cities according to
their magnetism, that is their perceived power
to attract creative people and businesses
from across the globe, and to mobilize their
assets to boost economic, social and
environmental development (Hunt, 2017).
 TOP 10 CITIES BASED ON GPCI 2017 Mori
Memorial Foundation, n.d.
Global power city index (GPCI) evaluates and ranks the
major cities of the world according to their
“magnetism,” or their comprehensive power to attract
people, capital, and enterprises from around the world.
It does so through measuring 6 functions—economy,
research and development, cultural interaction,
livability, environment, and accessibility—providing a
multidimensional ranking. The GPCI’s indicators and
data collection methods are routinely reviewed and
TOP 10 CITIES BASED ON GPCI 2017 Mori
Memorial Foundation, n.d.
• Key Findings
• London, the no. 1 city in the
comprehensive ranking for the sixth year
in a row, further extends its lead over the
competition by improving its scores for
such indicators as GDP growth rate and
level of political, economic and business
risk in economy, and for attractiveness of
dining options and number of visitors
from abroad in cultural interaction.
 TOP 10 CITIES BASED ON GPCI 2017 Mori
Memorial Foundation, n.d.
• New york (no. 2) increases its scores for the economy indicators of
nominal GDP and GDP growth rate, but fails to make any significant
headway in comprehensive score, having returned weaker scores this
year in cultural interaction indicators such as number of world-class
cultural events held and livability indicators like variety of retail shops.
• Tokyo claimed the no. 3 ranking for the first time last year and closes the
gap on new York (no. 2) this year. This is a result of the American city’s
score stalling while Tokyo continues to improve every year in the cultural
interaction indicators of number of visitors from abroad and number of
international students. However, Japan's capital city slips from no. 1 to
no. 4 in economy due to weaker scores in “market size” and “market
attractiveness.”
 LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

At the end of the module, you are expected

to:

1. Learn the global demographic trends

2. Understand the current demographic

condition of the world in the 21st century
 DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the statistical study of human
populations. It includes the study of the size,
structure, and distributions of different populations
and changes in them in response to birth, migration,
aging, and death. It also includes the analysis of the
relationships between economic, social, cultural, and
biological process influencing a population. 
(CROSSMAN, 2017)
 DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is very useful for understanding
social and economic problems and
identifying potential solutions.
Demographers are engaged in social
planning, market research, insurance
forecasting, labor market analysis, economic
development and so on. ( Stockholm
University n.d)
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
The importance of demography is clear for
its scope. Since its scope is increasing which
already leads to it importance. Demography
is concerned with the growth and
distribution of population in less developed
countries as well as underdevelopment and
developed countries. (Farooq, 2013)
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
1. Health Planning
Due to high fertility rate, health problems are created both for
mother and child. In most of the developing countries, married
women are facing pregnancies problem due to malnutrition. Also
due to ill health of mother, infant mortality rate is high in our
country. High fertility is connected to the child development. So,
demography is concerned with the fertility and mortality and
studies the birth and death rates. These health problems are solved
by the demographer in the establishment of health planning of the
country. All the problem related to health and its causes as well as
its possible solutions is the work of social demography.
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
2. Planning for Food Supply
Planning for food supply means availability of adequate food for
the total population. The inadequate food results in the poor
health, low growth, high mortality rates and low physical
activity. Food supply grows with the growth of population. The
undeveloped and underdeveloped countries are unable to meet
the demands of food supply. They depend on other countries
for fulfillment of their basic food needs. So, population study is
important to meet the demands of food of the poor countries
through the aid of national as well as international agencies.
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY

3. Housing Planning
When the size of population is increasing, the demand for housing is also
increasing. Therefore data collected about fertility, mortality, migration,
urbanization and family formation gives basis for the estimation of
housing planning. Demography is concerned that how the problem of
housing of a large population should be solved according to the
estimates prepared by the economic and social commission for asia and
the pacific (ESCAP). The number of persons in the age-group 15-24, in
1970 are likely to increase from 379 million to 469 in 1980. So, the
population increasing rapidly which creates. So many problems of
housing and these are undertaken by the field of social demography.
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
4. Employment Planning
Unemployment is a social and international problem. From
developed to underdeveloped as well as undeveloped
countries, the unemployment problem growing rapidly. A
demographic factor is the high dependency ratio in less
developed countries. For example; in pakistan, four or five
persons depends on the income of one person. So, for
employment planning, population study and dependency
ratio must be studied. Therefore demography studies all
aspects of population where it make planning for
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY

5. Educational Planning
Today every nation is concerned with providing proper
education to children. The numbers of children are
constantly increasing which creates educational
problems. The demographers are interested to make
planning for these children of a specific area or the
whole country. Due to educational planning by
demographers, these children should be provided proper
educational facilities. Adult education is also provided to
a large number of population and demography has
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
6. Migration Planning
Most of the people are migrated to western countries. It is necessary
to estimate the trends of migration, the immigrants, the emigrants
and the heavy burden on other countries. It is the study of social
demography to make plans, to stop the problem. A large number of
emigrants from a country affects a population adversely and a
qualitative change occur. Because these emigrants may be experts as
well as skilled and qualified persons which affects the economy of a
country very badly. Due to immigration to a country, the population
growth takes place which is a hurdle for the development of a country.
 THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
The current world population of 7.6 billion is
expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8
billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100,
according to a new united nations report
being launched today. With roughly 83
million people being added to the world’s
population every year, the upward trend in
population size is expected to continue,
 THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Birth rate is the demographic measure of the rate at which
children are born. The most well known is the crude birth rate,
which is the number of births that occur each year per 1,000
people in the midyear population. It is called “crude” because
it does not take into account the possible effects of age
structure. If a population has an unusually large or small
number of women in childbearing age, then the crude birth
rate will tend to be relatively high or low regardless of the
actual number of children a woman has. For this reason, age
adjusted birth rates are preferred for making comparisons,
either over time or between populations. (Crossman, 2018)
TOP 10 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES (Time,
n.d)
1. CHINA 1,384,688,986 6. PAKISTAN 207,862,518

2. INDIA 1,296,834,042 7. NIGERIA 195,300,343

3. UNITED STATES 8. BANGLADESH

329,256,465 159,453,001

4. INDONESIA 262,787,403 9. RUSSIA 142,122,776

 THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
In the 1950s the world looked very different. Data from
the United Nations shows that the global population was
around 2.5 billion. Today, that number is almost 7.5 billion
and is expected to rise to 9.7 billion by 2050.
In the middle of the 20th century, China was home to 500
million people and, like today, it was the world’s the most
populous nation, followed by India and the united states.
But, based on current trends, the list of the world's most
populous nations could look very different by 2060.
 THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Over the past half century, china has remained in
the top spot, but it is expected to be overtaken by
India in 2022.
In 2020, India is predicted to have over 1,383,000
million citizens, compared to china’s 1,402,000
million.
Just eight years later, India is set to have gained
over 100 million people, while china’s population is
only expected to have increased by 1.4 million.
THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 AGEING POPULATION

Population aging refers to changes in the age

composition of a population such that there is an
increase in the proportion of older persons. 
As fertility declines and life expectancy rises, the
proportion of the population above certain age rises
as well. This phenomenon, known as population
ageing in occurring throughout the world.
AGEING POPULATION
AGEING POPULATION
AGEING POPULATION
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
 LESSON 10:SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

At the end of this module, you are

expected to:
1.Differentiate stability from sustainability
2.Articulate models of global sustainable
development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
FOOD SECURITY
 LESSON :11 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Articulate a personal definition of global

citizenship

2. Appreciate the ethical obligations of global

citizenship
 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
What is global citizenship?
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
 RESEARCH PAPER
At the end of this module , you are
expected to:
• Write a research paper on topic related to
Globalization
 RESEARCH PAPER
• The purpose of this is to give students an
experience to write a research paper with
proper citation.
• Use the IMRad (Introduction, Methods, Results
and Discussions) format. This structure is a
common organization structure of a scientific
article.
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
I. Preliminary pages
A. Title page
B. Approval sheet
C. Dedication (optional and 1 page only)
D. Acknowledgements (optional and 1 page only)
E. Abstract
F. Table of contents
G. List of tables (optional)
H. List of figures (optional)
I. List of abbreviations (optional)
J. List of symbols (optional)
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Ii. Body
A. Introduction
1. Rationale/ background of the study
2. Statement of the problem
3. Purpose/ objective of the study
4. Significance of the study
5. Scope and limitation
6. Hypotheses (if the study is quantitative)
7. Conceptual framework and theoretical framework
8. Review of related literature
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
B. Methods
1. Research design
2. Population, sample size and sampling technique
3. Description of the respondents
4. Research instruments
5. Data collection or data gathering procedures
6. Statistical treatment data
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
C. Results
1. Data presentation
III. References
2. Data interpretation
IV. Appendices
3. Data analysis
D. Discussion V. Biography
1. Summary of results
2. Conclusion
3. Recommendations
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

Research papers are organized so that the information flow

resembles an hourglass in that it goes from general  to specific
and then back to general again.  The introduction and literature
review sections will introduce the problem and provide general
information. The methods and results will provide specific,
detailed information about this research project and the
discussion/conclusion will discuss the findings in a larger
context. The following section will describe each of these parts
in more detail.  Additional information can be found in the
resources section of this module and in the suggested readings.
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Title
The title should be specific and indicate the problem the research
project addresses using keywords that will be helpful in literature
reviews in the future.
Abstract
The abstract is used by readers to quickly review the overall content of the
paper.  Journals typically place strict word limits on abstracts, such as 200
words, making them a challenge to write.  The abstract should provide a
complete synopsis of the research paper and should introduce the topic and the
specific research question, provide a statement regarding methodology and
should provide a general statement about the results and the findings.  Because
it is really a summary of the entire research paper, it is often written last.
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Introduction
The introduction begins by introducing the broad overall topic
and providing basic background information.  It then narrows
down to the specific research question relating to this topic.  It
provides the purpose and focus for the rest of the paper and
sets up the justification for the research.
Literature review
The purpose of the literature review is to describe past
important research and it relate it specifically to the research
problem.  It should be a synthesis of the previous literature
and the new idea being researched.  The review should
examine the major theories related to the topic to date and
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Methods
The methods section will describe the research design and methodology
used to complete to the study.  The general rule of thumb is that readers
should be provided with enough detail to replicate the study.
 Results
In this section, the results of the analysis are presented.  How the results are
presented will depend upon whether the research study was quantitative or
qualitative in nature.  This section should focus only on results that are
directly related to the research or the problem. Graphs and tables should
only be used when there is too much data to efficiently include it within the
text.  This section should present the results, but not discuss their
significance.
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Discussion/conclusion
This section should be a discussion of the results and
the implications on the field, as well as other fields. The
hypothesis should be answered and validated by the
interpretation of the results.  This section should also
discuss how the results relate to previous research
mentioned in the literature review, any cautions about
the findings, and potential for future research.
 PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

References/bibliography
The research paper is not complete without
the list of references. This section should be
an alphabetized list of all the academic
sources of information utilized in the paper. 
The format of the references will match the
format and style used in the paper. 
Common formats include APA, MLA,