Meninges, CSF &

VascularAnatomy

Rima Zakiyah
BRAIN PROTECTION
\
 MENINGES Classification
 Pachymeninges Duramater layer

 Leptomeninges  Arachnoid layer

Piamater layer

SPACE ???
 Cranial Meninges 2. Arachnoid - spidery,
holds blood vessels
1. Dura mater - strong, "tough mother"
a. Endosteal/periosteal/parietal layer
3. Pia mater - "delicate
b. Meningeal layer  Cranial dural mother"
septa
 Cranial Dural Septa

 The meningeal layer of the dura mater

extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into
the cranial cavity;
– at four locations
– called cranial dural septa.
 Membranous partitions separate specific
parts of the brain and provide additional
stabilization and support to the entire brain.
– falx cerebri
– tentorium cerebelli
– falx cerebelli
– diaphragma sellae

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BRAIN ANATOMY
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central NS Peripheral NS

Brain Spinal cord Somatic NS Autonomic NS

Forebrain Hindbrain
Efferent nerves
Midbrain
Afferent nerves Symphathetic
Reticular
Formation
(extend to
midbrain) Parasymphahetic

Cerebrum Limbic
system Medulla
Thalamus Cerebelum

Hypothalamus Pons
 Major Brain Subdivisions

 Telencephalon (= Cerebrum)
 Diencephalon
(Thalamus and hypothalamus)

 Mesencephalon
 Metencephalon
(Pons and cerebellum)
 Myelencephalon (= Medulla Brainstem
oblongata)
 The Brain’s Major Regions
 Prosencephalon (forebrain)
– Telencephalon: cerebrum
– Diencephalon: epithalamus,
thalamus,hypothalamus
 Mesencephalon (midbrain)
– Mesencephalon: cerebral peduncles, colliculi
 Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
– Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum
– Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata

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 Gray Matter - White Matter
 Gray Matter – bagian SSP yang
mengandung serabut saraf yang
tidak bermyelin – sel saraf korteks
serebral, bag dalam sumsum tlg
belakang
 White Matter – bagian SSP yang
mengandung serabut saraf (akson)
yang bermyelin (warna putih) -
lapisan dalam serebrum
 Organization of Brain Tissue
 Gray matter:
– motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies,
dendrites, axon terminals
– unmyelinated axons.
 White matter:
– composed primarily of myelinated axons.
 During brain development, an outer,
superficial region of gray matter forms from
migrating peripheral neurons.
 External sheets of gray matter, called the
cortex, cover the surface of most of the adult
brain (the cerebrum and the cerebellum).

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 Gray & White Matter Organization

In brain stem similar

to spinal cord
(nuclei around ventricles,
tracts on outside)

In cerebrum and
cerebellum: white
matter covered
with layer of
neural cortex
(grey)
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BRAIN VENTRICLES
 Brain Ventricles
 Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived
from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube.
 Continuous with one another as well as with the central
canal of the spinal cord.
 Four ventricles in the brain.
– two lateral ventricles are in the cerebrum, separated by a
thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum
– within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the
third ventricle
» each lateral ventricle communicates with the third
ventricle through an opening called the
interventricular foramen
 The fourth ventricle is located within the pons and
cerebellum.

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 Four Ventricles CSF filled chambers
Communicating with central canal of spinal
cord

Lined by ependymal cells

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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
 Cerebrospinal Fluid
 A clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the
ventricles and subarachnoid space.
 Bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous
system and completely surrounds it.
 Important functions:
– buoyancy (floats the brain)
– Protection (shock absorption)
– environmental stability (transport medium)
 Formed by the choroid plexus in each ventricle.
 Produced by secretion of a fluid from the ependymal
cells that originate from the blood plasma.
 Is similar to blood plasma.

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Longitudinal
fissure

Arachnoid granulations pacchionni

After the CSF produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles
and circulated into the subarachnoid space then reabsorbed.
BRAIN VASCULARIZATION
Circle
of
• Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA in blue)
-The PICA territory is on the inferior occipital surface of the cerebellum
and is in equilibrium with the territory of the AICA in purple, which is on
the lateral side (1).
-The larger the PICA territory, the smaller the AICA and viceversa.

• Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA in grey)

-The SCA territory is in the superior and tentorial surface of the
cerebellum.
-Branches from vertebral and basilar artery
-These branches supply the medulla oblongata (in blue) and the pons (in
green).

• Anterior Choroideal artery (AchA in blue))

-The territory of the AChA is part of the hippocampus, the posterior limb
of the internal capsule and extends upwards to an area lateral to the
posterior part of the cella media.
• Lenticulo-striate arteries
-The lateral LSA' s (in orange) are deep penetrating arteries of the
middle cerebral artery (MCA).
-Their territory includes most of the basal ganglia.
-The medial LSA' s (indicated in dark red) arise from the anterior
cerebral artery (usually the A1-segment).
-Heubner's artery is the largest of the medial lenticulostriate arteries
and supplies the anteromedial part of the head of the caudate and
anteroinferior internal capsule.

• Anterior cerebral artery (ACA in red)

-The ACA supplies the medial part of the frontal and the parietal lobe
and the anterior portion of the corpus callosum, basal ganglia and
internal capsule.
• Middle cerebral artery (MCA in yellow)
-The cortical branches of the MCA supply the lateral surface of the
hemisphere, except for the medial part of the frontal and the
parietal lobe (anterior cerebral artery), and the inferior part of the
temporal lobe (posterior cerebral artery).
• The deep penetrating LSA-branches are discussed above.
• Posterior cerebral artery (PCA in green)
-P1 extends from origin of the PCA to the posterior communicating
artery, contributing to the circle of Willis.
- Posterior thalamoperforating arteries branch off the P1 segment
a detail to illustrate the
vascular supply to the basal
ganglia.
• Major dural sinuses:
Superior sagittal sinus, transverse,
straight and sigmoid sinuses

• Cortical veins:
Vein of Labbe, which drains the temporal
lobe.
Vein of Trolard, which is the largest
cortical vein that drains into the superior
sagittal sinus

• Deep veins:
Internal cerebral and thalamostriate
veins.
Cavernous sinus.
 What is the Blood Brain Barrier?
-BBB is an endothelial barrier present
in capillaries that course through the
brain(Reese & Karnovsky,1967).

-Endothelial cells in brain differ fundamentally

from those in most peripheral tissues in two
ways:
1.Structurally
2.Biochemically
 Blood-Brain Barrier
 Nervous tissue is protected from the
general circulation by the blood-brain
barrier.
 Strictly regulates what substances can
enter the interstitial fluid of the brain.
 Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain
to drugs, waste products in the blood,
and variations in levels of normal
substances (ions, hormones) that could
adversely affect brain function.

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 Blood-Brain Barrier
 Tight junctions prevent materials from
diffusing across the capillary wall.
 Astrocytes act as “gatekeepers” that
permit materials to pass to the
neurons after leaving the capillaries.
 Is markedly reduced or missing in
three distinct locations in the CNS:
the choroid plexus, hypothalamus,
and pineal gland.

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 BBB is a membrane that controls the
passage of substances from the blood
into the central nervous system.
 It is a physical barrier between the
local blood vessels and most parts of
the central nervous system itself, and
stops many substances from
travelling across it.
 The BBB is permeable to alcohol,
nicotine, anesthetics and some
heavy metals can cross the blood-
brain barrier as well.
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Anatomy of BBB--
 Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
3 areas in brain don’t have BBB
1. portion of hypothalamus
2. pineal gland (in diencephalon)

3. choroid plexus
Alhamdulillah Selamat
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