Final Projects

• Grading criteria is posted on the course

website

• Preliminary results are due Next Tuesday

• Final Project delivery on Monday Dec. 7th

– Final Project presentation at noon
 Field Trip
to the central cooling and power plants

• Monday, November 30: anytime in the

afternoon
• Thursday, December 3: 8-9:30 a.m. or 1-
2:30 p.m. or 1:30-3 p.m.  
• Friday, December 4: 10-12 p.m.
 Objectives

• Finish with design of VAV and DOAS

System

• Control
Other building load calculation
tools
 Cooling and Heating Loads
from eQUEST

Zone orientation

Base size is 111.80 ft x 111.80 ft with perimeter zone depth of 15.00 ft.

Floor to floor is 12 ft and floor to suspended ceiling is 9 ft.

 Example of Cooling and Heating Loads
Cooling and heating load for each zone and whole building:

Fresh air requirement based on number of occupants:

 Ventilation Loads

http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/Novoselac/cl
asses/ARE389H/Handouts/Std62-2001.pdf
 VAV System

http://web.stanford.edu/group/narratives/classes/08-09/CEE215/ReferenceLibrary/HVAC%20Distributions%20Systems/Single-Path%20Multiple-Zone%20System%20Design.pdf
 VAV Example
-One system
-Multiple Spaces/Zones
- VAV box for each space/zone

http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/vol242/v24b6.asp
 VAV System Terms & Equations
(you can find them in ASHRAE Standard 62)
• Fraction of minimum outdoor air in space/zone supply air
Xi = VOAi / VSAi
• Critical space

Space with maximum Xi , Z=max(Xi)

• Fraction of outdoor air in system supply air

X = sum(VOA ) / sum(VSA)
• Required Fraction of outdoor air:

Y=X/(1+X-Z)
Example Solution
Space1 Space 2 Space 3 Space 4

VSA

VOA

Xi

Y
 Other Issues Related to VAV

• Fan control
• Minimum supply air
• Occupancy sensors
VAV with fan terminal units
 DOAS System
• http://doas.psu.edu/
 www.doas.psu.edu
DOAS with multi-split systems

Fresh air?
DOAS fresh air configurations
DOAS fresh air configurations
 Issues Related to DOAS

• Split of sensible and latent load

• Selection of hydronic system
• Winter vs. summer operation
– Winter operation with DX systems (heat pump)
 Economizer
% fresh air
Fresh air volume flow rate control
enthalpy 100%

Fresh
(outdoor)
TOA (hOA)
Minimum for
damper air ventilation

mixing
Recirc.
air

T & RH sensors
 Economizer – cooling regime
How to control the fresh air volume flow rate?
If TOA < Tset-point → Supply more fresh air than the minimum required

The question is how much? % fresh air

Open the damper for the fresh air

100%
and compare the Troom with the Tset-point .
Open till you get the Troom = Tset-point
Minimum for
If you have 100% fresh air and your ventilation

still need cooling use cooling coil.

What are the priorities:

- Control the dampers and then the cooling coils or
- Control the valves of cooling coil and then the dampers ?

Defend by SEQUENCE OF OERATION

the set of operation which HVAC designer provides to the automatic control engineer
 Economizer – cooling regime

Example of SEQUENCE OF OERATIONS:

If TOA < Tset-point open the fresh air damper the maximum position

Then, if Tindoor air < Tset-point start closing the cooling coil valve

If cooling coil valve is closed and T indoor air < Tset-point start closing the damper
till you get T indoor air = T set-point

Other variations are possible

 HVAC Control
Example 2:
Dew point control (Relative Humidity control)
damper fresh filter cooling heating filter
air coil
fan
coil

mixing

T & RH sensors

Heat gains
Humidity generation

We should supply air with lower humidity ratio (w) and lower temperature

We either measure Dew Point directly or T & RH sensors substitute dew point sensor
Relative humidity control by cooling coil

Cooling Coil

Mixture

Room
Supply

TDP Heating coil

Relative humidity control by cooling coil (CC)
• Cooling coil is controlled by TDP set-point
if TDP measured > TDP set-point → send the signal to open more the CC valve
if TDP measured < TDP set-point → send the signal to close more the CC valve
• Heating coil is controlled by Tair set-point

if Tair < Tair set-point → send the signal to open more the heating coil valve
if Tair > Tair set-point → send the signal to close more the heating coil valve

Control valves
Fresh air

mixing

cooling heating
coil
coil

Tair & TDP sensors

 Sequence of operation
(ECJ research facility)
Mixture 3

DPTSP
Set Point
(SP)

Mixture 1 Mixture 2
Control logic:
DBTSP
Mixture in zone 1: IF (( TM<TSP) & (DPTM<DPTSP) ) heating and humidifying
Heater control: IF (TSP>TSA) increase heating or IF (TSP<TSA) decrease heating
Humidifier: IF (DPTSP>DPTSA) increase humidifying or IF (DPTSP<DPTSA)
decrease humid.

Mixture in zone 2: IF ((TM>TSP) & (DPTM<DPTSP) ) cooling and humidifying

Cool. coil cont.: IF (TSP<TSA) increase cooling or IF (TSP>TSA) decrease
cooling
Humidifier: IF (DPTSP>DPTSA) increase humidifying or IF (DPTSP<DPTSA)
decrease hum.

Mixture in zone 3: IF ((DPTM>DPTSP) ) cooling/dehumidifying and reheatin

Cool. coil cont.: IF (DPTSP>DPTSA) increase cooling or IF (DPTSP<DPTSA)
decrease cooling
Heater control: IF (TSP>TSA) increase heating or IF (TSP<TSA) decrease heating